Henry Dodge

IOWA BIOGRAPHICAL SERIES

EDITED BY BENJAMIN F. SHAMBAUGH

HENRY DODGE

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IOWA BIOGRAPHICAL SERIES

EDITED BY BENJAMIN F. SHAMBAUGH

HENRY DODGE

BY
LOUIS fvELZEp

THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF IOWA
IOWA CITY IOWA 1911

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EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION

As Governor of the original Territory of
Wisconsin, Henry Dodge may with propri
ety be included in the list of Iowa executives
since the original Territory of Wisconsin
embraced the country that was subsequently
erected into the Territory of Iowa. That
the Iowa country was not merely an outly
ing district of the original Territory of Wis
consin is evidenced by the fact that the
greater portion of the population was west
of the Mississippi and that after the first
session of the Legislative Assembly (which
was held at Belmont) Burlington was the
seat of government.

Henry Dodge was a typical frontier lead
er, and as such his biography becomes a
valuable contribution to the history of the
West.

BENJ. F. SHAMBAUGH

OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT AND EDITOR
THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF IOWA
IOWA CITY

5794

AUTHOR'S PREFACE

INTERWOVEN with the history of the West,
the public career of Henry Dodge spans
nearly fifty years of military and official
life. Rising to the rank of Colonel and from
Deputy Sheriff to United States Senator,
Henry Dodge lived under the successive
jurisdictions of Spain, France, and the
United States; while his military and of
ficial careers extended over nine of the pres
ent States of the Mississippi Valley.

This span of years witnesses vast strides
in the development of the West and in the
fostering of the democratic spirit. Fifteen
States are added to the Union, population
quintuples, and the area of the public do
main is nearly doubled. Bottomed upon the
principles of Jacksonian Democracy, Henry
Dodge saw the rising tides of popular gov
ernment in the forepart of the last century.
He bore a part in the enactment of the Com
promises of 1850 and the Kansas-Nebraska
Bill ; and he was the colleague of such men
as Benton, Calhoun, Cass, Clay, Douglas,

xii AUTHOR'S PREFACE

and Webster. His legislative record reflects
much of the history of the Middle West in
the two houses of Congress.

"The names of the Indian fighters, the
treaty-makers, the wilderness wanderers,
who took the lead in winning and exploring
the West, are memorable."* This truly
characterizes the record of Colonel Dodge's
military career, which winds through two
States of the Old Northwest and through six
of the States of the Louisiana Purchase.
These activities conduced to a fruition of
peace, settlement, and the evolution of Ter
ritories into Commonwealths.

Henry Dodge saw the domain over which
he was appointed Governor in 1836 grow to
the magnitude of an empire in population,
wealth, and moral resources. This region,
embracing within its limits the present
States of Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota
and portions of the Dakotas, furnished near
ly 200,000 soldiers to help suppress the War
between the States.

As a Territorial executive and adminis
trator the name of Governor Dodge will be
forever linked with the political evolution

^Roosevelt's The Winning of the West (Putnam Edition)
Vol. IV, p. v.

AUTHOR'S PREFACE xiii

of the Commonwealths of Iowa and Wis
consin to which he bears the same relation
which such Governors as St. Clair, Har
rison, and Cass bore to the Old Northwest.
These Territories became dowered with
nearly fifty years of the political accretions
of the Old Northwest, and through the ad
ministrations of Governor Dodge partook
for several years of the streams of statutes,
administrative policies, precedents, and ju
dicial interpretations which had their foun
tain in the Ordinance of 1787.

This book of biography was begun while
the writer was holding the position of Re
search Assistant in The State Historical
Society of Iowa. The sources from which
the material was obtained are indicated in
the Notes and References at the close of the
text. In all quotations the original spelling,
capitalization, and punctuation have been
retained. Chapter I of this volume is a
slight recasting of Chapter I of the writer's
Augustus Caesar Dodge, while considerable
portions of Chapter II of that volume have
been literally incorporated into the present
work.

In the preparation of this biography the
articles on Henry Dodge in the Iowa His-

xiv AUTHOR'S PREFACE

torical Record by the late Dr. William Salter
have been found invaluable. It is, more
over, a pleasure to recall the profitable in
terviews with this Iowa historian at his
home in Burlington. Dr. Benj. F. Sham-
baugh, the Superintendent of The State
Historical Society of Iowa and Editor of
the Iowa Biographical Series, suggested the
writing of this book. To him the author is
indebted for constant interest and encour
agement. Through his labors from the
manuscript to the final proof he has con
tributed the best words of advice, suggestion,
and decision. The credit of preparing the
index is due to Miss Ethyl E. Martin, Clerk
to the Superintendent of The State His
torical Society of Iowa.

Louis PELZER

MONTANA STATE NORMAL COLLEGE
DILLON MONTANA

CONTENTS

I. ANCESTRY AND EARLY LIFE 1

II. CIVIL AND MILITARY MATTERS 1805-1821 16
III. LEAD MINING IN MISSOURI, ILLINOIS, AND

MICHIGAN TERRITORY 28

IV. INDIAN UPRISINGS AND DISCONTENT . . 39

V. THE BLACK HAWK WAR 49

VI. MAJOR OF MOUNTED RANGERS 67

VII. COLONEL OF THE FIRST REGIMENT OF

DRAGOONS 80

VIII. THE EXPEDITION TO THE PAWNEE PICT

VILLAGE .... 94

IX. THE MARCH OF THE DRAGOONS TO THE

ROCKY MOUNTAINS 113

X. GOVERNOR OF THE ORIGINAL TERRITORY

OF WISCONSIN 1836-1838 ..... 128
XI. GOVERNOR OF WISCONSIN TERRITORY

1838-1841 145

XII. DELEGATE FROM THE TERRITORY OF WIS
CONSIN 158

XIII. GOVERNOR OF WISCONSIN TERRITORY

1845-1848 172

XIV. UNITED STATES SENATOR 185

XV. CHARACTER AND SERVICES 193

NOTES AND REFERENCES 207

INDEX . 249

I -. .

% -V* ' : : - ' ; : • * :
ANCESTRY AND EARLY LIFE l

LYING due south of the main shore of Rhode
Island is an island irregular in shape, about
eight miles long and three miles in width,
commanding in every direction a view of the
Atlantic. Adrian Block, a Dutch skipper,
had touched this bit of land in 1614 and had
modestly named it ' ' Block Eylandt. ' ' 2 For
nearly fifty years its Indian inhabitants
lived undisturbed by any permanent settle
ments of the white man ; but in 1661 a shal
lop from Taunton, Massachusetts, landed its
cargo of fifteen passengers — the first set
tlers of Block Island. Among the list was
one Trustarum (or Tristram) Dodge, the
ancestral founder of the Dodge family in
America.3

For over two centuries this family line
grew and prospered — nurturing and devel
oping the instinct of migration which had
led the founder to Block Island. The west
ward trail of their migrations winds through

2 HENRY DODGE

many States and is marked by Indian wars
and the exploits and hardships of frontier
settlements. In the far West the record
gains new strength in the Black Hawk War
and ill the negotiation of Indian treaties.
Under the legislative and administrative
force of this family vast territorial empires
of the West were transformed into Terri
tories and Commonwealths with security,
wealth and population. Still further, the
descendants of this family contribute to the
diplomatic history of the Nation. In short,
the achievements of the Dodge family are
another expression of that dominating force
and virility of character which won the
West.

Israel Dodge, one of the four sons of
Trustarum Dodge migrated to New London,
Connecticut, in the latter part of the seven
teenth century, and on October 1, 1720, sold
his land on Block Island to his brothers. Of
the five sons of Israel, John was born in
1689. He removed to Colchester and then to
Canterbury, Connecticut, and died at the
ripe age of eighty-seven or eighty-eight
years.4

Eleven children, the third of whom was
born on March 10, 1723, and also named

ANCESTRY AND EARLY LIFE 3

John, were born to John Dodge.5 John
Dodge, Jr., became a blacksmith by trade;
and the farm implements which he made are
said to have been of superior quality. For
many years he lived at Canterbury, Con
necticut, where the family were regular at
tendants of the Baptist Church. He was
thrice married ; and it is said that in his cor
respondence he compared his three wives to
' ' Heaven, Earth, and Hell ' '. Eight children
were born of the first wife, and the father
sometimes gave their names in the following
bit of rhyme :

Jordan and John,

Israel and Josiah,

Lydia and Elizabeth,

Jere and Miah.6

Israel, the third son and the third of that
name in his line, was the father of Henry
Dodge. He was born at Canterbury, Con
necticut, on September 3, 1760. The spirit
of adventure and a love for daring seem to
have been born in him, and when but a lad of
fifteen years he visited the coast of Africa
on board a slaver. Two years later the Col
onies were in revolt against their mother
land and young Israel joined the Revolu
tionary troops from Connecticut. On Sep-

4 HENRY DODGE

tember 11, 1777, he participated in the Battle
of Brandywine,7 and in a hand-to-hand fight
with a Britisher he was wounded in the chest
by a bayonet. The youthful La Fayette
(only three years older) also underwent his
baptism of fire in this battle, and while at
tempting to rally the yielding patriots was
wounded in the leg by a musket-ball. Later
young Israel served as Second Lieutenant in
the Continental army.

Near the close of the war Israel Dodge
was married to Nancy Ann Hunter, whose
life is filled with pioneer hardships and ad
ventures. She was the youngest of the eight
children of Joseph and Molly Hunter — a
sturdy Scotch-Irish couple who settled at
Carlisle, Pennsylvania, where Nancy Ann
was born. The father, however, did not
prosper well in Pennsylvania and so the
family decided to emigrate to Kentucky.

When but fifteen years of age Nancy Ann
occupied with her father's family a fort in
Kentucky a few miles below the mouth of
the Ohio River. The stealth and treachery
of the Indians made the cultivation of the
soil extremely hazardous. Frequently the
little garrison was reduced almost to starva
tion, having nothing to subsist upon except

ANCESTRY AND EARLY LIFE 5

what could be reared and cultivated in little
patches around the fort. Sometimes when
the savages would relax their watchfulness
a few of the bolder settlers would venture
out and return with a pack of game for the
hungry inmates. At other times they were
so closely beleaguered that they did not dare
to venture outside the stockade.

Such was the situation when one day a
favorite cow gave birth to a calf a short dis
tance from the fort. Both animals were ex
posed to the danger of capture by the
skulking warriors; and so the settlers held
a hurried consultation. But realizing the
danger from hidden Redskins, none of them
would venture outside. Then it was that
alone and unaided Nancy Ann rushed forth
and seized the calf in her arms, while all eyes
were fixed upon her. Carrying the calf
toward the fort, with the cow closely follow
ing after, she advanced toward the stockade
while a volley of arrows whistled around
her. Amid the joy of those in the fort all
three reached the stockade unharmed.8

Meanwhile western immigration had been
powerfully stimulated by the capture, in
1778 and 1779, of Kaskaskia and Vincennes
in the Old Northwest Territory by Colonel

6 HENRY DODGE

George Rogers Clark.9 The roaming, rest
less character of the pioneers and frontiers
men of this time is well typified in the life
of John Dodge whose career is somewhat
interwoven with that of his younger brother
Israel.

Before the outbreak of the Revolutionary
War, John Dodge had been a trader at San-
dusky, Ohio. Having showed his attach
ment to the cause of the Colonists, he was
arrested by the British who carried him to
Detroit and later to Quebec, from whence he
escaped in 1779.10 After the war he received
compensation in land for the losses he had
suffered during that conflict.11

In his own narrative John Dodge gives a
rather gruesome account of his confinement
by Henry Hamilton, the Governor and
Commandant at Detroit. "He ordered me
to close confinement," writes Dodge, " tell
ing me to spend that night in making my
peace with God, as it was the last night I
should live: I was then hurried to a loath
some dungeon, ironed and thrown in with
three criminals, being allowed neither bed
ding, straw or fire, although it was in the
depth of winter, and so exceeding cold, that
my toes were froze before morning."12

ANCESTRY AND EARLY LIFE 7

Arriving at Boston John Dodge attracted
the attention of General Washington who
recommended him to Congress as a man who
might be useful in the West. From Boston
he went to Virginia where, gaining the con
fidence of Thomas Jefferson and Patrick
Henry, he was appointed Indian Agent at
Kaskaskia for the Illinois country. Israel
Dodge had also been drawn into this west
ward current of migration and with his
young wife migrated to Kaskaskia where he
served under the military authority of his
brother.13

Disagreements between the civil and the
military authority arose in the Illinois
country. The military officers, forced to
offer worthless continental paper which the
inhabitants refused to receive, were com
pelled to seize provisions without giving
proper compensation in return. Richard
Winston, the Acting Governor, charged some
of the military officers with dishonesty and
crime; and they in return promptly im
prisoned him. This was on April 29, 1782.
He complained bitterly of the " tyrannic
military force" and indignantly protested
against the arrest wrhich had been made "by
Israel Dodge, on an order given by John

8 HENRY DODGE

Dodge, in despite of the civil authority."14

Leaving the warring factions at Kaskas-
kia, Israel Dodge lived for some time at
the Falls of the Ohio Eiver.15 The spirit of
migration, however, again impelled him on
ward; and in 1788 or 1789 he left Kentucky
and with his brother John removed to the
Spanish province of Upper Louisiana.
They settled at New Bourbon near the old
French town of Ste. Genevieve, while the
McDonalds, another family from Kentucky,
located near St. Louis.

They had been tempted to these regions
by reports concerning the rich lands and the
prosperous lead mines which were offered
without price to all who would occupy and
improve them.16 For nearly twenty years
Ste. Genevieve had been a market for lead,
which, next to peltries, was the most impor
tant export of the Province of Upper Louisi
ana. It even served as the currency of the
region, and a peck of corn exchanged for a
peck of ore. Later the growth of St. Louis
caused the lead trade to become centered at
that city.17

Near Ste. Genevieve this Connecticut
Yankee, Israel Dodge, prospered and be
came wealthy. In 1799 the Spanish officials

ANCESTRY AND EARLY LIFE 9

of the district of New Bourbon made a re
quest for patriotic donations and loans to
aid Spain in the European wars. In the list
of donors the name of Israel Dodge, a plant
er, stands as one of the three heaviest con
tributors — his contribution being twenty
piastres in lead or furs.18

On October 15, 1799, he petitioned the
Lieutenant General of the province, Don
Carlos Dehault de Lassus, for a grant of
one thousand arpens of land upon which he
had made many improvements. The com
mandant of the post at New Bourbon, Pierre
de Lassus de Luziere, recommended the
granting of the petition, declaring that the
petitioner had often signalized his zeal for
the King's service. "In short," he wrote,
"we do attest that the said petitioner has
erected, at a very great expense, several es
tablishments, such as mills, breweries, dis
tilleries, and others, which are of the most
precious utility to the inhabitants of this sec
tion of the country." The concession of this
tract of land bears the date of October 25,
1799.19

Such grants, however, were often of com
paratively small value because of the few
and isolated settlements, dangers from the

10 HENRY DODGE

Indians, and remoteness from markets. It
is most interesting to note that one of the
tracts of land granted to Israel Dodge by
the King of Spain, long after the land had
passed from his descendants, furnished
some of the building stone for the present
capitol of the State of Iowa.20

The products of his farm and of his dis
tilleries and breweries were loaded on crude
crafts, known as the "flat-bottomed boat",
or the "old broad scow", and shipped down
the Mississippi River to the old Spanish
town of New Orleans. The river pirates
added to the risks of such long trips; but
such dangers did not deter the man who had
faced the British bayonets at Brandywine.

On one of these trips,21 when far down
the Mississippi, Israel Dodge's boat was
boarded in broad daylight by a modern
"Rob Roy", backed by a gang of river
pirates. Placing their guns at the heads of
Dodge and his defenseless crew, the pirates
ordered them to row the boat ashore where
they could plunder the cargo to their own
satisfaction and if need be murder captain
and crew. Israel Dodge, however, retained
his self-possession and watched the pirate
chief closely. Noticing something in his

ANCESTRY AND EARLY LIFE H

speech and bearing which aroused the belief
that he was a Mason, Dodge offered him a
grip or sign.

The effect of this act was instantaneous.
Turning to his companions, the man of
blood and plunder exclaimed: "Boys! we
must let this man and his boat go." They
did so, and the chief graciously accepted a
barrel of flour and some bacon as presents
for his kindness and courtesy. Thankful to
escape so easily the crew continued its wind
ing journey down the river and landed safely
at New Orleans, where they exchanged their
flour, bacon, and spirits for Spanish gold.

By the year 1799 the population of Upper
Louisiana numbered 6028, of whom 4948
were whites, 883 slaves, and 197 free colored
persons.22 Although this territory had been
under Spanish sway for thirty-seven years
the region never became Spanish in spirit or
population but remained French during the
entire period of Spanish domination. For
years the population of the American Com
monwealths had pressed against the Spanish
boundaries and had indeed overflowed into
the region west of the Mississippi. The con
trol of the Mississippi as well as of the port
of New Orleans was of consequence to every

12 HENRY DODGE

farmer, planter, tree-feller, and frontiers
man on this side of the Alleghanies. The
retrocession by Spain of the vast empire of
Louisiana to France in October, 1800, and
its cession by Napoleon (April 30, 1803) to
the United States were, therefore, but the
working out of the destiny of American
westward expansion.

On March 9, 1804, Israel Dodge witnessed
at St. Louis the formal transfer of Upper
Louisiana to the United States. Captain
Amos Stoddard, acting for both Prance and
the United States, received possession of the
territory from the last Spanish Governor,
Carlos Dehault de Lassus. On the next day
the stars and stripes of the United States re
placed the eagles of the Republic of France.
Amid the tears and lamentations of the
ancient inhabitants might have been heard
the cheers of Israel Dodge swelling the joy
ous shouts of the Americans who were pres
ent.23

In the same year, on October 1st, he was
appointed Sheriff of the Ste. Genevieve
District by William Henry Harrison, Gov
ernor of Indiana and of the District of
Louisiana. In December he returned a
venire for the first term of court in the dis-

ANCESTRY AND EARLY LIFE 13

trict, and was appointed to receive proposals
for the building of a jail.24 He continued to
perform his duties as Sheriff and to farm
his lands until 1806 when he died in the
forty-seventh year of his age. His ashes
repose near the ancient town of Ste. Gene-
vieve, Missouri.

The romance of history centers about Post
Vincennes (now Vincennes in Indiana)
where Henry Dodge was born on October
12, 1782.25 It is one of the old towns of the
Mississippi Valley and one for the posses
sion of which the great nations of the earth

- Prance, England, and the United States

- have contended. Its capture from the
British on February 24, 1779, added lustre
to the military exploits of Colonel George
Rogers Clark. The early boyhood of Henry
Dodge was spent in Kentucky amid the
dangers of that "dark and bloody ground",
wrhere five of his uncles perished in Indian
warfare.

When but fourteen years of age — so runs
the story26 — young Henry Dodge saw in a
Kentucky village a brawny savage standing
over the prostrate form of a woman and
threatening to scalp her with a butcher
knife. Responding to the screams of the

14 HENRY DODGE

woman for help the lad seized a stone and
with it felled the Indian to the ground. Be
lieving that the Indian was dead and fearing
revenge from the other Indians, Nancy Ann
warned the boy to flee for his life. After
spending the night in a graveyard he joined
a band of pioneers bound for the West and
soon reached the town of Ste. Genevieve.

Here under the fostering care of Israel
Dodge the boy grew to manhood. John
Dodge had also joined his brother in Upper
Louisiana, and during the Spanish domi
nation all three were for some time engaged
in making salt upon the Saline River.27

Henry Dodge learned to work at an early
age. With the help of the slaves he worked
on the farm and directed its operations. He
learned and performed the various duties
connected with his father's mills, breweries,
and distilleries. He was fond of hunting
and dangerous exploits, and thus laid the
foundation of a healthy and vigorous body.

No doubt he often accompanied his father
on his trips down the Mississippi River to
New Orleans. He had successfully courted
Christina McDonald, and in 1800 in the
" Bonne Homme" settlement (a few miles
west of St. Louis) he was married when she

ANCESTRY AND EARLY LIFE 15

was but fifteen years old.28 Early in 1805 he
served as Deputy Sheriff under his father
in the Ste. Genevieve District — an office
which was the first in his long civil and
military career of about fifty years.

II

CIVIL AND MILITARY MATTERS 1805-1821

THESE sixteen years of Dodge's life are
typical of the life of an intelligent, aggres
sive man of southeastern Missouri in the
early part of the nineteenth century. This
period witnesses the exit of the old Spanish
regime, changes in territorial jurisdictions,
the effects upon a frontier community of a
war with a foreign power, the transition
from Territory to Statehood, and the opera
tion of those political and social forces
which bore fruitage in the Commonwealth
of Missouri. And in all these matters Henry
Dodge bore a part.

It will be recalled that what is now the
State of Missouri was by the act of March
26, 1804, placed under the jurisdiction of the
Governor and Judges of the Indiana Terri
tory.29 Substantially the same five old ad
ministrative districts of the Spanish regime
were retained and later became known as
counties. The District of Ste. Genevieve,

16

CIVIL AND MILITARY MATTERS 17

the residence of Henry Dodge, thus became
a legatee of the political estate of the old
Spanish administration as well as that of
the Old Northwest Territory. Such is the
political background upon which the public
career of Henry Dodge is to be sketched.

Late in 1804 and in 1805 a system of local
government was established in the Ste.
Genevieve District. Courts were organized,
public buildings were erected, townships
were created, and a system of taxation was
inaugurated. There is a record that in
March of 1805 Henry Dodge and five others
were indicted and convicted of assault and
battery. In September of the same year
Dodge qualified as Sheriff of the Ste.
Genevieve District — an office which he filled
for a period of sixteen years.30

This was an important office and was
vested with a large number of duties and
powers. Moreover, in addition to the pow
ers which the office possesses to-day, the
Sheriff of Ste. Genevieve was an important
official of financial administration, some
times performing the duties of assessor, col
lector, and treasurer.31 In 1805 the total
tax levy for the Ste. Genevieve District was
$1171.94. Not until 1821 was a court-house

18 HENRY DODGE

built and courts were compelled to meet in
the parish house, in the tavern, or in private
dwellings. After 1814 the sessions were held
at the home of Henry Dodge where testi
mony was given, arguments heard, and jus
tice rendered.32

Such a frontier community, with its
sparse settlements and opportunities for the
escape of criminals, demanded a Sheriff
with energy and decision to hunt down the
desperate characters of the District. The
two executions made during Sheriff Dodge's
administration were those of Peter Johnson
and Charles Heath. Peter Johnson was
hanged on August 3, 1810, for the murder
of John Spear; and Charles Heath met a
similar fate on March 9, 1812, for the mur
der of Hugh Jones. These were the first
legal executions in the history of the
county.33

Meanwhile Aaron Burr had, since the
summer of 1805, been dreaming of conquests
and empires far to the Southwest, and in
1806 had made a trip down the Ohio River.
Vague rumors were afloat to the effect that
Burr was to capture the Spanish province
of Mexico, place himself upon the throne,
or perhaps annex the province to the United

CIVIL AND MILITARY MATTERS 19

States. This enterprise naturally stirred
the blood of adventurous characters who
would have welcomed a fight with the Span
ish Dons. Henry Dodge and Colonel Jack
Smith T. (then a judge of the Court of Com
mon Pleas for Ste. Genevieve) constituted
a pair of such daring men, and they set out
to join the Burr expedition.

Hearing that Burr was to meet recruits
at New Madrid, Dodge and Smith floated
down to that place in canoes. But upon
their arrival they learned of President Jef
ferson's proclamation which declared the ex
pedition unlawful. "Cols. Smith and Dodge
were mortified; sold their canoes, bought
horses, and came back home to Ste. Gene
vieve. When Dodge got to town he found
great excitement; the grand jury were in
session, and had actually indicted Dodge
and Smith for treason. Dodge surrendered
himself and gave bail for his appearance.
After doing this, Dodge, who considered
himself greatly outraged by the action of
the grand jury, pulled off his coat, rolled up
his sleeves, and whipped nine of the grand
jurors. Henry Dodge was a tall man, over
six feet high, as straight as an Indian, and
possessed of great strength. He would have

20 HENRY DODGE

whipped every member of the grand jury if
the rest had not run away."34

Accounts of civil matters touching the
life of Henry Dodge during this period are
comparatively meagre. During the early
years of his term as Sheriff he was one of a
party who dismantled an old cannon at Fort
Chartres. Embarking upon a keel-boat,
which was rowed up the Mississippi Eiver
by negroes, they transported the historic
cannon to Ste. Genevieve where it often
pealed forth in honor of American inde
pendence.35 In 1808 he was one of the
twenty-one trustees of Ste. Genevieve
Academy.36 Three years later he and John
Scott (who was later the Delegate from the
Territory of Missouri) were seconds in a
duel between Dr. Walter Fenwick and
Thomas T. Crittenden, in which the former
was mortally wounded. This duel is typical
of the many that occurred on the frontier in
which Henry Dodge lived.37

On June 4, 1812, the Territory of Missouri
was created, and in the next year Henry
Dodge was appointed Marshal for the new
Territory. His commission bore the sig
natures of President James Madison and
Secretary of State James Monroe. In 1806

CIVIL AND MILITARY MATTERS 21

and 1807 he had held rank in the militia of
Ste. Gene vie ve as Lieutenant and Adjutant,
while later he was appointed First Lieuten
ant and then Captain in the Ste. Genevieve
Troop of Cavalry.

A remarkable list38 of the commissions of
Henry Dodge, preserved by his son and
later presented to the Historical Depart
ment at Des Moines, Iowa, epitomizes the
civil and military career of Henry Dodge.
These commissions embrace a period of serv
ice of over forty years and bear the signa
tures of presidents, governors, secretaries
of state, and other high officials. Indeed,
there are few, if any, collections of docu
mentary history of the West which can
equal this one in unique interest.

Henry Dodge was in his thirtieth year
when war wras declared against Great
Britain on June 18, 1812. By experience,
taste, and capacity he was fitted to take a
useful part in this encounter. Although the
people of southeastern Missouri were far re
moved from the principal theatre of the war
they had to participate in several engage
ments with the Indians and to exercise
ceaseless vigilance against this dangerous
foe. For years before 1812 British traders

22 HENRY DODGE

along the Great Lakes and the Northwest
had been fomenting dissatisfaction among
the Indians and had even supplied them
with arms and ammunition. After the
declaration of war the British agents of the
Upper Mississippi increased their activities
in inciting the Indians to war. On Septem
ber 5, 1812, the Sacs and Foxes of Rock
River, assisted by the Winnebagoes under
Black Hawk, made an unsuccessful attack
on Fort Madison on the Mississippi River.39
The next year it was twice attacked by
marauding bands. "Boone Lick Settle
ment", consisting of about one hundred and
fifty families in what are now Howard and
Cooper counties of Missouri, was in a very
exposed condition and suffered frequent
depredations.

Such events roused Governor William
Clark to action, and in 1814 the militia of
the Territory was organized. Henry Dodge,
on January 17th of that year, had been com
missioned Brigadier General of the Terri
torial militia, and in Ste. Genevieve County
he had raised a mounted volunteer rifle com
pany of which he became the Captain.40 It
was evident that a vigorous campaign was to
be pushed in order to insure the future peace

CIVIL AND MILITARY MATTERS 23

and safety of the settlers and their property.
Waiving his rank as General and taking
command as Lieutenant Colonel of mounted
men, Dodge was now (in September, 1814)
ordered to march to the relief of the "Boone
Lick Settlement", which lay along the Mis
souri River about two hundred and fifty
miles to the northwest of Ste. Genevieve
where for several years its one hundred and
fifty families had been exposed to Indian
dangers.

Dodge's force consisted of three hundred
and fifty mounted men, commanded by the
following Captains : John W. Thompson of
St. Louis, Isaac Van Bibber of Loutre Lick,
Henry Poston of the Missouri Mining Re
gion, Sarshall Cooper of the " Boone Lick
Settlement", and Daugherty of Cape Gir-
ardeau. Majors Nathaniel Cook and Daniel
M. Boone, Benjamin Cooper (a brother of
Sarshall Cooper), and David Barton (later
a United States Senator from Missouri) ac
companied the force. Besides these volun
teers there were about forty friendly
Shawnees commanded by four war captains
— Na-kour-me, Kish-kal-le-wa, Pap-pi-qua,
and Wa-pe-pil-le-se. Both Pap-pi-qua and
Wa-pe-pil-le-se were fully seventy years old

24 HENRY DODGE

and had had much service in the "dark and
bloody ground".

After several days of steady marching41
they reached the "Boone Lick Settlement".
At Arrow Rock they prepared to cross the
Missouri, and Dodge selected six of his most
active men for the advance. The others,
flanked by canoes, struck through the swift
stream and reached the southern bank in
safety. Two hours were consumed in cross
ing with all the horses, baggage, arms, etc.

Meanwhile the Shawnee scouts had found
and reported the locality of the hostile
Miamis, who had erected a small fort.
Dodge urged his men forward several miles
up the river and in the night discovered and
surrounded the enemy in what is known as
Miami Bend in Saline County. Through the
Shawnees the Miamis offered to surrender.
Dodge now called a council of his officers,
who advised that the Indians be received as
prisoners and that their lives be sacredly
preserved. For the latter, declared Dodge,
the officers and their men should be held
personally responsible. The Indians num
bering thirty-one warriors and one hundred
and twenty-two women and children then
formally surrendered.

CIVIL AND MILITARY MATTERS 25

The next morning, when searching for
hidden property, the troops found the well-
known rifle of Campbell, the potter, who had
been slain by the Indians some months be
fore. The enraged Boone Lick troops now
insisted that the murderer be surrendered;
and Captain Cooper, at Dodge's refusal,
threatened in behalf of his company to kill
the whole of the Indians and by common
consent his men cocked their rifles. The
Indian warriors fell upon their knees and
prepared for death. Without turning to the
armed men Dodge now drew his sword,
thrust the point within six inches of Coop
er's breast, and reminded him of the pledge
to protect the prisoners. He could not see
them slaughtered in cold blood, and declared
that if the Boone Lick men fired upon them
Captain Cooper should instantly suffer the
consequences.

66 At this critical moment", reads Draper's
notes, "Major Daniel M. Boone came dash
ing up to Gen. Dodge's side, and said he
would stand by him to the last, and he taunt
ed Cooper with the treachery of the act he
proposed. Dodge was firm, never taking his
eye from Cooper's. Boone presented a de
termined countenance, as brave men always

26 HENRY DODGE

do when actuated by noble purposes. At
length Cooper yielded, and Dodge ordered
him to take his place in the line, and march
away. He doggedly obeyed, and his men
rode by. The Indians now jumped to their
feet with expressions of joy and gratitude
to Dodge and Boone. The Shawanoes, too,
were much gratified that the Miamis were
spared."

Twenty-one years later Kish-kal-le-wa
visited his old commander at Fort Leaven-
worth and revived the incidents of this
scene in which Dodge had borne a most
magnanimous part. In a long retrospect of
Indian warfare Dodge could well look upon
his conduct in saving these prisoners as one
of the happiest acts of his life.

Such was the part of Henry Dodge in the
War of 1812. After the treaty of Ghent on
December 24, 1814, several treaties of peace
had to be made with savage tribes which had
been in league with Great Britain or at war
with the United States. Military men often
participated in these treaties for the pur
pose of impressing the Indians with a mili
tary force, of preserving order, and of wit
nessing the treaty itself. Henry Dodge's
knowledge of Indian character, his compre-

CIVIL AND MILITARY MATTERS 27

hension of frontier life and conditions, and
his military experience well fitted him to
take part in treaty-making. The two treat
ies which he helped to make and to which
his name stands as a witness are those be
tween William Clark, Ninian Edwards, and
Auguste Chouteau, commissioners on the
part of the United States, and the chiefs and
warriors of the Teton and the Yankton
Sioux tribes. These treaties of peace and
friendship were signed on July 19, 1815.42

After the War of 1812 Henry Dodge ex
changed the occupation of war for that of
lead-mining. Subsequent to the year 1818
there was a persistent agitation for the ad
mission of Missouri as a State. In May of
1820 Henry Dodge was chosen as one of
the four delegates from Ste. Genevieve
County to attend the constitutional conven
tion at St. Louis in the following June.
Here he met his former comrades-in-arms,
David Barton and Nathaniel Cook, and
such men as Nathan Boone and John Scott
who were delegates at this convention.43
The convention adopted the Constitution on
July 19, 1820; and Henry Dodge thus wit
nessed the last and permanent stage in the
early political evolution of Missouri.

Ill

LEAD-MINING IN MISSOURI, ILLINOIS, AND
MICHIGAN TERRITORY

THE earliest movements into what is now
Missouri were prompted by the hope of
finding mineral wealth; and in this search
the French, the Spanish, and the settlers of
Illinois had joined. Lead, peltries, and salt
were the principal articles of export when
Louisiana was first acquired by the United
States. As early as 1809 the first shot-tower
was in operation at Herculaneum. While
the lead was abundant and easily mined the
cost of transporting it from the mines to the
river had always been a problem.44

Henry Dodge had grown to manhood in
the lead-mining region and undoubtedly had
served his apprenticeship in his father's
business of salt and lead-mining and in the
operation of distilleries. No doubt he had
often accompanied Israel Dodge in his trips
down the Mississippi River to New Orleans.
After the war he had resumed his business

28

LEAD MINING 29

of salt -making at the mouth of the Saline
Biver. While this business was profitable,
the use of steamboats after 1817 cheapened
transportation from the Ohio Valley so that
prices declined from $5.00 to $.75 a bushel.
In Jefferson County he carried on the busi
ness of mining and smelting lead. The old
Spanish milled dollars were still in use ; but
there was no small coin. ' ' I have frequently
seen my father", said his son Augustus, "go
to a blacksmith shop with a bag of silver
dollars, and then cut them up into halves,
quarters and eighths, for small change. My
mother made buckskin pockets in his clothes
to carry this fractional currency."45

For several years the fame of the Upper
Mississippi Lead Mines had been spreading
and their steady competition had seriously
embarrassed Henry Dodge's fortune. Since
1822 hordes of speculators and squatters
from Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, and
southern Illinois had rushed to the Fever
River lead region in upper Illinois. Drawn
into this current of migration, Henry Dodge
emigrated in 182746 with his wife, nine chil
dren, and a family of slaves to this new land
of opportunity.

Embarking on the "Indiana" the Dodges

30 HENRY DODGE

with other miners soon reached the Rapids
of the River Des Moines where they were
forced to transfer to a keel-boat. For twen
ty-four days this primitive craft was rowed
and towed against the steady current of the
Mississippi by some forty French oarsmen
up to Galena — a distance of about two hun
dred miles. Shovels, picks, buckets, and
windlasses were stowed in the boat. The
apartments for passengers were crowded;
while the food was in keeping with the other
discomforts. Montrose and Fort Madison
were left behind. Passing the bluffs where
now stands Burlington, Henry Dodge little
thought that here he would spend his last
days and find his final resting-place.47

Arriving at Galena late in the summer of
1827, Henry Dodge spent several months in
prospecting for lead ; and he also assisted in
quelling Indian disturbances and outbreaks
to be described later. Everywhere he found
an enterprising and adventurous set of men.
Population was increasing by strides and
bounds; labor was scarce and high-priced;
and in July, 1828, there was a demand for
five hundred men who could find employ
ment at $17 to $25 per month with board.48

You cannot get", writes an observer in

..

LEAD MINING 31

December, 1827, "a hand even to cook or to
wait about your house for less than $15 per
month in silver".49

It is likely that Dodge could find no de
sirable location in the region about Galena ;
and so on the 3rd of November, 1827, he
established himself near the present city of
Dodgeville in what is now Iowa County,
Wisconsin — then a portion of Michigan
Territory.50 Such men as Charles Bracken,
Ebenezer Brigham, and John H. Roundtree
also migrated to the lead region to devote
themselves to the lead industry. Henry
Dodge was one of the first to build a smelting
furnace.51

"He made friendly terms with the In
dians of the neighborhood", writes Salter,
"and gave them presents as in the way of
rent for occupying their lands. He made a
home for his family, and took precautions
for their protection and safety. More than
a hundred miners soon gathered to the
4 camp'. The neighborhood resounded with
the stroke of the ax and the click of tools.
Shafts were sunk in every direction. He
discovered the only lode in the region that
proved to be of much value."52

The political problems of this frontier

32 HENRY DODGE

community were the outgrowth of economic
conditions. It was inconceivable that the
rich lead deposits could long remain in their
virgin state. The trespassing of the squatter
miners tended to bring them into conflict
with Federal statutes and with the Indians
— treaties with whom too often lacked defi-
niteness. Not a little of the activity of
Dodge in the mining district consisted in
adjusting his relations with the Federal
statutes, with Indian Agents, and with the
Indian tribes.

In January of 1828 Joseph M. Street, the
Indian Agent at Prairie du Chien, reported
to William Clark, the Superintendent of
Indian Affairs at St. Louis, that Dodge
with about fifty well-armed men had settled
upon ground which had been reserved by the
treaty of August 24, 1816. "Many are flock
ing to him from Fever River", wrote Street,
"and he permits them to join upon paying
certain stipulated portions of the original
purchase. The ore is more abundant, nearer
the surface, and obtained with greater fa
cility than ever known in this country. It
is said that he has raised about half a mil
lion of mineral, smelted from 900 to 1000
bars, and is smelting fifty bars a day. With

LEAD MINING 33

two negro men he raises about 2000 pounds
per day.'7 53

Mutterings of discontent now arose
among the Winnebagoes whose lands had
thus been encroached upon, and Street be
came greatly alarmed. Sub-Agent John
Marsh was sent to notify Dodge to move off
instantly if he did not wish to be removed by
force. ' ' Gen. Dodge ' ', wrote the sub-agent,54
" resides in a small stockade fort near the
principal mine. There are about twenty log
houses in the immediate vicinity, besides
several more remote. He has a double
furnace in constant operation, and a large
quantity of lead in bars and in the crude
state. From the best information I have
been able to obtain there are about one hun
dred and thirty men engaged in mining at
this place, and completely armed with rifles
and pistols. I was also informed that there
[were] about fifteen Winnebagoes ten or
twelve miles distant who frequently visit the
mines, and who have been presented by Gen.
Dodge with several hundred dollars worth
of provisions and merchandise. When about
to return, I was desired by Gen. Dodge to
inform you that he should leave the country
as soon as he conveniently could."

34 HENRY DODGE

Henry Dodge declined, however, to leave
the mining region, believing that more defi
nite treaties with the Indians should and
would be made in the near future. Although
Agent Street had attempted to raise a mili
tary force with which to oust him, Dodge
and his miners held their ground and re
mained unmolested. He had not long to
wait for the extinguishment of the titles to
the Indian lands. Indeed his own name
stands appended as a witness to the treaty of
August 1, 1829,55 by which the Winnebagoes
sold their lands in the mining district to the
United States. The consideration was
$18,000 and large quantities of merchandise
- both to be paid annually for thirty years.

From Helena on the Wisconsin Eiver he
continued to ship lead to New Orleans, as his
father Israel Dodge had done thirty years
before. These river shipments, made with
out transferring the cargoes to steamers at
St. Louis, required over three months.
When the Indian lands came into market
he bought more than a thousand acres, and
upon this land he lived for nearly forty
years.56

The increase of population, wealth, and
commerce due to the development of the lead

LEAD MINING 35

industry now created a demand for a sep
arate Territory. In this demand the inhab
itants of the lead region found an able and
willing champion in Henry Dodge. Himself
vitally interested in the industry he well
foresaw that an expanding trade and popu
lation would soon require more adequate
laws and administration than could be fur
nished by the Legislative Assembly at De
troit — nearly a thousand miles away. The
business relations of the miners were with
Missouri, Illinois, and the General Govern
ment rather than with the peninsula of Mich
igan.

To Austin E. Wing, the Territorial Dele
gate from Michigan, he stated his views in
February of 1829.57 " Taxation and repre
sentation should go together," he urged,
"and it will readily appear, on examination
of the returns made by the superintendent
of the United States' lead-mines, that the
people of this mining country have paid a
greater amount of taxes than any equal num
ber of citizens in the United States, or Ter
ritories; and that, a direct tax upon the
labour of the whole community. ' ' He point
ed out that representation was inadequate;
that the laws were not adapted to the com-

36' HENRY DODGE

munity; and that the protection from In
dians was insufficient.

In 1831 Henry Dodge and Morgan L.
Martin were elected to the Fifth Legislative
Council of Michigan Territory to represent
the whole region west of Lake Michigan ; but
the events of the Black Hawk War the next
year prevented Dodge from attending the
sessions at Detroit.58

Three days before his election he had
again expressed his views concerning the
division of the Territory. "Laws then can
be made", he said, "suited to the manners,
habits, and condition of the people residing
within the limits of the contemplated terri
tory. The relation we stand to the General
Government makes it important to us that
we should have a direct representation at
Washington. Living on the United States
lands and working their lead mines, it be
comes a matter of much interest to the min
ing country that the rights of pre-emption
should be secured to them on the most liberal
principles both for the farms they occupy
as well as their mineral grounds." 59

A few months later in behalf of the mining
region he prepared and addressed a memo
rial to the Secretary of War, Lewis Cass, in

LEAD MINING 37

which he clearly described the situation and
the conditions of the citizens living in the
mineral region.60 The United States Gov
ernment had invited the people to the lead
region when it could not give them protec
tion on the frontiers. Indian hostilities in
1827 forced a suspension of work for one
year and left them without the means of re
turning to the communities from which they
had emigrated. Under such conditions the
people settled upon the mineral lands. Fur
thermore, he urged, millions of pounds of
lead had been given to the United States as
rent since 1827. The price of lead had de
clined, and the memorialists earnestly hoped
that the tariff on the article would not be
increased.

Should the government decide to survey
and then sell the mineral lands, Dodge urged
that each miner who had complied with the
government laws should be given the privi
lege of working out all discoveries made on
mineral lots or surveys. Without such a
reservation miners who have had mineral
lands in their possession for years might be
left destitute through the purchase of their
lands by speculators.

Many events combined to delav for four

38 HENRY DODGE

years the division of Michigan Territory;
and in the meantime Henry Dodge's active
career in the mining industry ends and be
comes transferred for four years to the drill-
ground, the camp, the march, and the field
of battle. By the people of the mining coun
try his services were valued and, indeed,
happily remembered when in 1836 a Govern
or for the original Territory of Wisconsin
was appointed.

IV

INDIAN UPRISINGS AND DISCONTENT

SINCE the war of 1812 the General Gov
ernment had enjoyed peace with the Indian
tribes, and many treaties of friendship had
been negotiated prior to 1827 — a year that
marks the beginning of a period of spas
modic Indian disturbances with which
Henry Dodge's military career becomes
linked. A brief retrospect into the causes
and conditions of these outbreaks is neces
sary to secure a narrative of the Indian wars
of more than three quarters of a century
ago.

By the treaty of August 24, 1816, a divi
sion line was run between the lands of the
Ottawas, Chippewas, and Pottawattamies of
the Illinois Eiver and those of the Winne-
bagoes.61 This treaty was subsequently re
affirmed by the Winnebagoes in the treaty
of August 19, 1825.62 Upon the lands of the
former the treaty had allowed (under cer
tain conditions) diggings and settlements to

39

40 HENRY DODGE

be made. In the years 1825 and 1826 the
lead mania was at its height. Diggings
were commenced and pushed without regard
to the treaty line until at last the mines were
in the acknowledged territory of the Winne-
bagoes.

The Indians remonstrated and even con
tended against the miners who drove them
from their own lands. The Indians became
much soured, exhibited symptoms of great
discontent, and behaved roughly to miners
crossing the Rock River (within the Winne-
bago limits) and passing to their diggings.
The Indians charged and exacted heavy toll
and in some cases forced property from the
trespassers. Thus were the Indians ' l driven
from the mines, and spoiled of the valuable
product of the mines on their lands, and
goaded into a state of high excitement".63

Such were the beginnings of Winnebago
discontent when Henry Dodge was about to
migrate from Missouri to the lead region of
the Upper Mississippi. It had been hoped
that the treaty of August 25th would be a
lasting one ; but during the winter of 1826-
1827 the older citizens of Prairie du Chien
had grave fears of Indian uprisings and out
rages in the following spring.64 Moreover,

INDIAN UPRISINGS 41

these fears were well grounded ; for in March
of 1827 a man named Methode, his wife, and
five children were killed by Winnebagoes
about twelve miles above Prairie du Chien.
Red Bird, a Winnebago chief, with two
others murdered Solomon Litcap and Regis-
tre Gagnier and scalped a baby near the
same village late in June, 1827.65

On the same day (June 26th) the Winne
bago and Sac Indians fiercely attacked two
keel-boats at the mouth of the Bad Axe
River above Prairie du Chien. Two of the
crew were killed and four wounded; while
among the Indians seven were killed and a
large number wounded.66

Arms, ammunition, and men were now
hastily gathered at Fort Crawford and at
Galena where Brigadier General Henry At
kinson had arrived from St. Louis with a
force of six hundred infantry and one hun
dred and fifty mounted men. Everywhere
the enterprising miners were forsaking their
diggings and fortifying their stockades.

Meanwhile Henry Dodge had arrived at
Galena, where it was soon learned that he
was a man experienced in Indian warfare.
A company of one hundred mounted volun
teers was raised from the miners and Dodge

42 HENRY DODGE

was chosen its commander. The settlers of
the surrounding country had fled into Ga
lena for safety. "The little place", wrote
an eye-witness, "was crowded with families
pouring in from all parts of the Mines. The
flat prairie between the bluff and the river
was covered with wagons, the families camp
ing in them; block-houses were erected on
the hill, companies forming, drums beating,
and Gen. Dodge was busily engaged in or
ganizing troops, and creating order and con
fidence out of terror and confusion." 67

Dodge now cooperated with Brigadier
General Atkinson, to whom he wrote from
Galena: "As the principal part of the ef
ficient force is preparing to accompany you
on your expedition up the Ouisconsin, it
might have a good effect to send a small
regular force to this part of the country, and
in our absence they might render protection
to this region."68

Red Bird and his Winnebagoes had fled
up the Wisconsin River. Thither Dodge
marched his men, one detachment going to
Prairie du Chien and the remainder to
English Prairie (now Muscoda) in the
northeast corner of Grant County. These
mounted men scoured both sides of the Wis-

INDIAN UPRISINGS 43

consin River from its mouth to the Portage,
driving everything before them. It was at
this time that Dodge saved the life of the
fifteen year old son of Chief Winneshiek,
who was almost shot because he refused to
surrender.69

Major William Whistler had collected a
force at the Portage and had been given or
ders to await the arrival of Atkinson's force.
"The Winnebagoes were now in a desperate
plight", declares an historian of these In
dian wars. "With Col. Snelling in com
mand at Fort Crawford, with a large force
of regulars and volunteers, confronted by
Major Whistler and his troops, and with
Gen. Atkinson following their retreat, aided
by Dodge and his mounted volunteers, who
drove them out of every hiding place, there
seemed to be no alternative for them but to
appeal to the lenient mercy of their pur
suers."70

The Indians to the number of several hun
dred were at this time encamped within a
few miles of the place where Major
Whistler's force was collected. Hearing of
the quick marches of Atkinson and Dodge
the Winnebagoes were filled with consterna
tion. In a few days a truce was sent to

44 HENRY DODGE

Major Whistler who received the surrender
of Red Bird and the other Indians who had
committed the murders.71

Such was the Winnebago War of 1827.
Through the prompt efforts of Governor
Lewis Cass the military forces of the Terri
tory were quickly mobilized and a general
Indian uprising was prevented. "The ter
mination of the Winnebago war", writes
Moses M. Strong, "brought a temporary
restoration of peace, which revived anew
the adventurous spirit of immigration, and
brought with it a large influx of miners and
others to the Lead Mines, and prosperity
and progress constantly attended the in
creasing settlements of the country, which
received no material check until the occur
rence of the Black Hawk war in 1832. "72

When Dodge removed to the lead region
of Wisconsin in 1827 he became a tireless
advocate of the rights of the miners. When
mutterings of discontent arose from the
Winnebagoes he was foremost in memorial
izing the government for better frontier
protection. In 1828 Fort Winnebago was
erected with special reference to keeping the
tribe in order. By the treaty of August 1,
1829,73 the Winnebagoes ceded to the United

INDIAN UPEISINGS 45

States their claims to the lead region be
tween the Wisconsin and Rock rivers and
thus relieved the people of that country of
a restless and dangerous tribe.

Another Indian disturbance broke out
in Illinois in 1831. It was the prelude to the
Black Hawk War in which Henry Dodge,
who since 1827 had not forsaken the peaceful
pursuits of lead mining and smelting, was to
win fame and glory in the battles of Peca-
tonica, Wisconsin Heights, and Bad Axe as
the "captain of an aggressive civilization".
And it is in this preliminary disturbance
that the chief actor in the dramatic episode
of 1832, known as the Black Hawk War,
prepares his role.

The restless Black Hawk (Black Spar
row Hawk or Makataimeshekiakiak) was
the leader of the Sac (or Sauk) village at
the mouth of the Rock River near the pres
ent site of Rock Island. Born in 1767 he had
been a warrior from his youth, had been in
the service of the British in the War of 1812,
and had been aid-de-camp to the great Te-
cumseh. After the close of that war he had
never joined in making peace with the
United States ; but he and his band had kept
up their connection with Canada.74

46 HENRY DODGE

Black Hawk's entire village was included
in the territory ceded by the Sacs and Foxes
in the treaty of November 3, 1804.75 The
validity of this treaty was denied by Black
Hawk, although it had been ratified and con
firmed in the subsequent treaty of May 13,
1816,76 to which Black Hawk's mark stands
affixed. The treaty of August 19, 1825,77 had
likewise recognized the binding force of
these compacts.

By the spring of 1831 the whites were al
ready in possession of the country surround
ing Black Hawk's village and were even in
vading the village itself. With about three
hundred warriors, together with their women
and children, Black Hawk now recrossed
the Mississippi from the west, determined to
regain the possession of the home of his peo
ple and the resting place of their ancestors.
"He ordered the white settlers away, threw
down their fences, unroofed their houses, cut
up their grain, drove off and killed their cat
tle, and threatened the people with death if
they remained. The settlers made their
complaints to Governor Reynolds. The acts
of the Indians were considered by the Gov
ernor to be an invasion of the State."78

The cry of war was raised, and by June

INDIAN UPRISINGS 47

10th as many as fifteen hundred volunteers
had rushed to Beardstown on the Illinois
River and were prepared to march to the
seat of war. When the volunteers reached
the site of Black Hawk's village they found
that the enemy had fled that morning to the
west side of the Mississippi River. The sol
diers set fire to the wigwams, and thus per
ished forever an ancient village which had
been the pleasant abode of thousands of In
dians.

General Edmund P. Gaines, commanding
the volunteers, had threatened to pursue
the fleeing Indians, and Black Hawk and
his braves now returned to sue for peace. A
treaty was signed on June 30, 1831, by Major
General Gaines, Governor John Reynolds,
and the chiefs and braves of the Sacs, or
" British Band of Rock River", whereby the
latter recognized former treaties and agreed
to remain forever on the west side of the
Mississippi River.79

"The Sauks were as completely hum
bled", remarked Major General Gaines, "as
if they had been chastised in battle, and less
disposed to disturb the frontier inhabit
ants."80 But in this he was mistaken, since
the treaty only shifted the principal theatre

48 HENRY DODGE

of operations for the Black Hawk War
nearer to the region where Atkinson and
Dodge had pursued the Winnebagoes four
years before.

V

THE BLACK HAWK WARSI

THE Black Hawk War was an Indian War
in northern Illinois and in the southern part
of what is now the State of Wisconsin and
was carried on between April 6th and August
2, 1832. It engaged on the one side from five
hundred to eight hundred Sacs and Winne-
bagoes commanded by Black Hawk and the
Prophet Neapope and on the other about
four thousand regulars, militiamen, and vol
unteers officered by such men as Henry At
kinson, Milton K. Alexander, Alexander
Posey, James D. Henry, and Henry Dodge.
The principal engagements are known as
S tollman's Defeat, and the battles of Peca-
tonica, Wisconsin Heights, and Bad Axe.
The causes of this war have been indicated
in the preceding chapter.

For several months after the treaty of
June, 1831, Black Hawk had nursed his
wrath against the whites while he was win
tering near Fort Madison with his British

4- 49

50 HENRY DODGE

band of Sacs. On the 6th of April, 1832,
they crossed the Mississippi River at Yellow
Banks and invaded the Commonwealth of
Illinois.82 The die was cast.

It was not, however, until a week later
that Brigadier General Atkinson, then com
manding the Western Department, learned
of the invasion and informed Governor John
Reynolds.83 The latter at once issued a flam
ing proclamation directing that the militia
be assembled at Beardstown on the 22nd of
April.84 It appears that Atkinson was send
ing troops, arms, ammunition, boats, stores,
and camp equipage from St. Louis. He also
dispatched messengers to Black Hawk
threatening him with expulsion by force of
arms if he did not at once withdraw to the
country west of the Mississippi River.

Meanwhile Black Hawk's band was mov
ing up the Rock River. The militia, march
ing on April 27th from Beardstown to Yel
low Banks, began the pursuit of Black
Hawk early in May. On May 12th Dixon's
Ferry was reached. Here they found Major
Isaiah Stillman with a battalion of two
hundred and seventy-five men awaiting the
force from Beardstown under Brigadier
General Samuel Whiteside.85 Pursuant to

THE BLACK HAWK WAR 51

Stillman's wishes this battalion was ordered
"to proceed without delay to the head of
Old Man's Creek, where it is supposed
there are some hostile Indians and coerce
them into submission."86

On the 14th of May these raw, undisci
plined, and insubordinate troops, more or
less filled with frolic and fermented liquor,
encountered the enemy. For the whites the
battle was a prototype of the battle of Bull
Run. The disastrous rout resulted in the
death of eleven whites and three Indians,
besides the wounding of many more on both
sides.87 For the Americans, Stillman's De
feat (or Stillman's Run) remained the most
disastrous encounter of the Black Hawk
War.

This event inaugurated a reign of terror
in the region between the Illinois and the
Wisconsin rivers. The newspapers teem
with florid descriptions of the war. To
AEMS! To ARMS! BLOOD AND CARNAGE
MARK BLACK HAWK'S PATH! Thus read
the headlines of bold faced type. The gov
ernment is criticized for not providing
proper protection. Racy reports of Indian
attacks, movements of troops, and the valor
of commanders follow; while the effects of

52 HENRY DODGE

the war upon mining and farming are ex
pressed in bitter lamentations.88

Henry Dodge at this time held the com
mission of Colonel in the militia of Iowa
County of Michigan Territory. On April
25th Brigadier General Henry Atkinson had
directed him to raise as many mounted men
as could be found in that county. This was
done.89 The wave of fear and excitement
had by this time reached the mining region
where Dodge lived, and on May 8th he wrote
a letter to Governor John Reynolds.90 In
this communication he indicated the exposed
situation of the miners and expressed his
fear of a general union and uprising of the
Indian tribes. " Could you detach a part of
your command across the Rock River," he
suggested, "you would afford our settle
ments immediate protection."

About this time Colonel Dodge with twen
ty-seven mounted men (including his son
Augustus Caesar) started (on the 8th or 9th
of May) on a reconnoitering expedition to
the Rock River to ascertain the movements
of Black Hawk's band. Proceeding by way
of Apple River to Buffalo Grove they came
within a few miles of where Stillman had
been routed a few hours before.91 "Gen.

THE BLACK HAWK WAR 53

Dodge with a Spartan band of about 30
miners", noted The Galenian, " arrived at
the ferry [Dixon's] last Monday [May 14],
in time to join the other troops."92

Learning that Governor Reynolds could
spare no troops and that the mining region
was in imminent danger of Indian attack
Colonel Dodge immediately returned home.
He reported his fears to the miners and ad
vised them "to fort" themselves and to or
ganize immediately to defend their lives and
property. Horses were given, purchased,
and impressed for the service. Colonel
Dodge's smelting works near Dodge ville
were given the name of Fort Union and be
came his headquarters. " Fathers were fre
quently called upon to defend their own
threshholds", said his son fifty-one years
later. "And mothers and sisters moulded
bullets, and carried water, filling barrels in
order to have a supply during the antici
pated siege. My mother and sisters have
done both."93

With fifty mounted volunteers command
ed by Captains James H. Gentry and John
H. Eoundtree, Colonel Dodge now proceeded
to the Four Lakes (near the present site of
Madison). His trusted friend, Henry Gra-

54 HENRY DODGE

tiot, sub-agent of the Winnebagoes, accom
panied him. They intended to meet the
Winnebagoes and to dissuade them from
joining Black Hawk's band. The talk was
given them on May 25th.94 Dodge referred
to the murderous course of Black Hawk, and
declared that the great American father was
the friend of the Red Skins. "The Sacs
have given you bad council, they tell you lies
and no truth ; stop your ears to their words."
If you are unfaithful to your treaties,
warned Dodge, you must expect to share the
fate of the Sacs. The Indians gave assur
ances of peace and friendship.

Returning to his headquarters Colonel
Dodge learned of new Indian depredations.
On May 20th near Ottawa, Illinois, Sylvia
and Rachel Hall had been abducted; and
about the same time fifteen persons were
killed and scalped.95 Dodge immediately
raised a force of two hundred mounted men
and secured the release of the prisoners from
a party of friendly Winnebagoes to whom
they had been surrendered.

A few days later five men (including Felix
St. Vrain, the Indian Agent of the Sacs and
Foxes) were killed and scalped near Buf
falo Grove.96 Early in June the volunteers

THE BLACK HAWK WAR 55

under Colonel Dodge were again on the
march, and in turn they passed through Blue
Mound Fort, Colonel James Morrison's
farm, Gratiot's Grove, and Defiance.97 They
were a dare-devil, adventurous set of men
gathered from the fields and mines. They
knew no manual of arms but were spurred
on by a deep hatred of the red race.

Arriving at Kirker's Place, in Jo Daviess
County, the Colonel delivered a stirring ad
dress to his volunteers. He plead for har
mony, union, and coolness in the presence of
danger. The Indians were denounced as a
faithless band of banditti who had violated
all treaties. "Let us avoid surprise and
ambuscades ; let every volunteer lie with his
arms in his hands, ready prepared for
action, so that when each volunteer rises to
his feet, the line of battle will be formed."98

On the same afternoon they reached the
scene of the murder of St. Vrain, whose re
mains they interred. The next night they
encamped at Hickory Point, where five of
their horses were stolen by the Indians. At
Ottawa on June llth he had a conference
with Brigadier General Atkinson at which
the whole future campaign was mapped out.
Two days later the command again reached

56 HENRY DODGE

Gratiot's Grove, worn and exhausted by
more than a week's strenuous marching.
There the volunteers were dispersed to their
respective forts to rest and recuperate and
to await the Colonel's further orders."

Mounted volunteers were arriving daily at
Atkinson's headquarters. "I am con
vinced", writes Colonel Dodge from Gra
tiot's Grove on June 14, 1832, "that we are
not to have peace with this banditti collec
tion of Indians until they are killed up in
their dens. They watch from the high
points of timber our movements in daylight,
and at night pass through the prairies from
one point of timber to another, and com
municate with the main body, which are in
the swamps of Rock River."100

The condition of the country at this time
was deplorable. Fields were half plowed
and deserted; houses had been vacated;
mechanics, farmers, smelters, and miners
had forsaken their places of business and
were now huddled in the forts ; cattle were
running at large ; the mails had stopped ; and
there were grave rumors of a possible
famine.101

When Colonel Dodge reached his home at
Fort Union he heard of the murder (on

THE BLACK HAWK WAR 57

June 14th) of four men near Spafford's
Ford, in what is now the southeastern part
of La Fayette County, Wisconsin.102 Early
in the morning of the 16th Dodge hurried to
Fort Hamilton, where a force was to be col
lected to pursue the murderers. Upon his
arrival at the fort Colonel Dodge at once
ordered his men to saddle, mount, form in
line, and follow the trail.

Here began a two-mile chase. Forming as
large a front as possible they soon found the
trail in the open ground. Two streams had
to be crossed, whose steep banks forced the
pursuers to dismount for a minute — a delay
which again gave the Indians a start. The
volunteers were gaining rapidly and the
Indians now sought refuge in a horse-shoe
shaped bend of the Pecatonica River. This
was a low swampy bottom surrounded by the
steep bank of the river.

No description can excel the exciting re
port of the battle written by Colonel
Dodge103 to Brigadier General Atkinson:
" After crossing the Pecotonica, in the open
ground, I dismounted my command, linked
my horses, and left four men in charge of
them, and sent four men in different direc
tions to watch the movements of the Indians,

58 HENEY DODGE

if they should attempt to swim the Pecato-
nica ; they were placed on high points that
would give them a complete view of the ene
my, should they attempt to retreat. I
formed my men on foot at open order, and at
trailed arms, and we proceeded through the
swamp to some timber and undergrowth,
where I expected to find the enemy. When I
found their trail, I knew they were close at
hand ; they had got close to the edge of the
lake, where the bank was about six feet high,
which was a complete breastwork for them.
They commenced the fire, when three of my
men fell, two dangerously wounded, one se
verely but not dangerously. I instantly or
dered a charge on them, made by eighteen
men, which was promptly obeyed ; the Indi
ans being under the bank, our guns were
brought within ten or fifteen feet of them
before we could fire on them. Their party
consisted of thirteen men ; eleven were killed
on the spot, and the remaining two were
killed in crossing the lake, so that they were
left without one to carry the news to their
friends. The volunteers under my command
behaved with great gallantry; it would be
impossible for me to discriminate among
them; at the word * charge' the men rushed

THE BLACK HAWK WAR 59

forward and literally shot the Indians to
pieces. We were, Indians and whites on a
piece of ground not to exceed sixty feet
square."

This sharp but bloody engagement fought
on June 16, 1832, and called the Battle of the
Pecatonica or the Battle of Horse Shoe
Bend, was the first decisive victory of the
war. It revived some confidence in the army
which had been criticised and ridiculed and
brought some relief to the frontier settle
ments. ' ' This little action ' ', wrote Governor
Thomas Ford, "will equal any for courage,
brilliancy and success, in the whole history
of Indian wars."104

Thus far the principal theatre of war had
been in the State of Illinois and Black Hawk
was as far from being captured as ever.
Weeks and weeks had been wasted in fruit
less marches, and but little glory had come
to the American arms. But a new plan of
campaign was decided upon late in June;
and on the 30th Black Hawk and his follow
ers crossed the border line into Michigan
Territory near the site of the present city of
Beloit, Wisconsin.105

After the Battle of the Pecatonica Colonel
Dodge had spent some time at Galena,106

60 HENRY DODGE

where lie looked after supplies for destitute
families. From there with a company of
volunteers he marched to Blue Mounds to
bury the bodies of Lieutenant George Force
and Emerson Green, whom the Indians had
slain on the 20th of June.107 About a week
later his forces assembled at Fort Hamil
ton.108

On the 28th of June the whole army to the
number of about four thousand men set out
in pursuit of Black Hawk and his fleeing
braves. Colonel Dodge and Brigadier Gen
eral Posey formed the left wing of the army
on the west side of the Rock River ; Alexan
der 's command, also on the west side, formed
the center; while the brigades of Atkinson
and Henry on the east bank formed the right
wing.109 For over three weeks the chase
continued in long and weary marches.
Through the heat and rains of the July
month it led across rivers, through swamps
and tangled forests in the southern portion
of the present State of Wisconsin.

Atkinson was becoming short of provi
sions, and the campaign looked dismal in
every respect. On the 10th of July the com
mands under Henry, Alexander, and Dodge
were dispatched to Fort Winnebago about

THE BLACK HAWK WAR 61

eighty miles to the northwest. Here they
were to secure provisions and return with all
possible haste. Their orders allowed them
to follow the Indian trail in case they should
find it.110

Colonel Dodge was the first to reach the
fort where two days were spent in getting
provisions. Hearing that Black Hawk was
encamped farther up the Rock River the
three commanders held a council, and it was
decided that Alexander should return to
Atkinson while Dodge and Henry should
march against the enenw. On the 15th the
march began and on the third day they
reached the Hutisford Rapids in Dodge
County, where Black Hawk had camped,
only to discover that the wily enemy had
flown.

Meanwhile an express111 had been sent to
Atkinson which, after proceeding a fewT
miles, found a fresh trail and immediately
returned and reported the discovery. At
once the camp was aglow with excitement
and on the morning of the 20th of July the
chase by Henry and Dodge began. On that
day a large body of Indians was discovered
by the scouts, and for thirty miles a running
fire was kept up during the whole day. Late

62 HENRY DODGE

in the afternoon the immediate commands
under Colonels Henry Dodge and L. D.
Ewing overtook the Indians at the bluffs of
the Wisconsin River.

"A line of battle was immediately
formed," wrote a participant the next
day,112 "and the Indians repulsed. About
sunset they returned, re-inforced, and
made a most desperate effort to break our
lines. But our men stood firmly, and com
pelled the enemy to retreat. They then took
possession of a ravine, where the grass was
so high as to conceal them. As soon as their
position was ascertained, the order 'charge'
was given, and executed with such prompti
tude and effect, as again to compel them to
retire from their strong hold."

The battle lasted for about an hour. ' ' The
heads of the Indians above the grass," con
tinues this report, "resembled stumps in a
newly cleared forest. We killed three In
dians in the pursuit, and we suppose, not
less than forty in the battle. I am very hap
py to state that we lost but one killed, and
eight wounded." This decisive engagement
is known as the Battle of Wisconsin Heights.

Weary and worn from the long chase, the
victors waited for reinforcements. The

THE BLACK HAWK WAR 63

Indians had crossed the Wisconsin River
and had disappeared; but the pursuit was
continued. The trail of Black Hawk's band
was marked by the bodies of braves who had
died of wounds or of disease. On July 31,
1832, the freshness of the trail indicated the
immediate presence of the enemy. On
August 2nd Black Hawk's band of braves
was found near the mouth of the Bad Axe on
the Mississippi Eiver, about forty-five miles
above Prairie du Chien.

Brigadier General Atkinson, whose forces
had joined in the main pursuit at Blue
Mounds on the 23rd,113 promptly arranged
the order of battle. The regular troops un
der Colonel Zachary Taylor and Colonel
Dodge's troops composed the front; the
Illinois militia under Posey and Alexander
formed the right; while Henry's brigade of
about four hundred men composed the left.
A steep bluff was descended by the advance,
and the battle took place upon a grassy and
heavily wooded bottom.

Here were collected Black Hawk's men,
women, and children to make a final desper
ate stand against the whites. "Led on by
Black Hawk, they came furiously upon the
soldiers, by whom they were met with a most

64 HENRY DODGE

destructive fire, driving them back again;
and a third time they rallied, bringing into
action every Indian supplied with means for
offensive operations ; but the unerring rifles
of the volunteers, and the volleys from the
regulars, soon thinned their ranks, and they
were driven back again in disorder, and so
disheartened as not to be again rallied."114

For three hours the battle raged while the
Indians were driven from one hiding place
to another. "The whole of the troops", ran
Atkinson's report of the next day, as writ
ten by Albert Sidney Johnston, ' l participated
in the honour of the combat; some of the
corps were, however, more fortunate than
others, in being thrown from their position
in order of battle, more immediately in con
flict with the enemy. These were Henry's
brigade, Dodge's battalion, the regular
troops, Leach's [Samuel Leech] regiment of
Posey's brigade and the Spy battalion of
Alexander 's brigade. ' '115

Upwards of one hundred and fifty of the
Indians were slain, while the whites suffered
a loss of twenty-nine killed and wounded.
The loss to Dodge's battalion was six wound
ed of whom three died of their injuries. This
bloody encounter, known as the Battle of

THE BLACK HAWK WAR 65

Bad Axe, terminated the war and led to the
capture of Black Hawk.116

After the battle Colonel Dodge with his
command proceeded to Fort Crawford at
Prairie du Chien where Atkinson ran out to
meet him, threw his arms around him, and
exclaimed: "You have led me on to victory
- you have saved me ! ' ' The story runs that
Old Hickory had sent warning to Atkinson
that "If he did not put an end to the war in
a few days, he would strike his name from
the roll of the United States Army." 117

Thus closed the last of the Indian wars of
Illinois and Wisconsin, which still remains
one of the most memorable in the history of
the West. The loss of life to the Americans
was about two hundred and fifty ; while the
cost in money to the General Government
and to the State of Illinois was nearly two
millions of dollars.118

Then, too, the Black Hawk War hastened
and swelled the stream of migration to what
is now northern Illinois and southern Wis
consin. Much of these regions had up to this
time been a "Dark Continent"; but the
troops marching through these wilds wrote
a mass of letters, reports, and news items
which were descriptive of the scenery and

66 HENRY DODGE

the natural resources. These were widely
copied. Dr. Addison Philleo 's war news ap
peared first in his paper, The Galenian, and
from this it was copied broadcast over the
State.119 In its advertising features, then,
the Black Hawk War can well be considered
as an event which helped to blaze the way
to western settlement.

During this war Colonel Dodge's com
mand, designated "Iowa County Regiment,
Michigan Volunteers", was composed of
eighteen different companies whose terms of
service ranged variously between the dates
of May 2nd and October 9, 1832.120 Colonel
Dodge contributed perseverance, courage,
knowledge of Indian character, and unflag
ging industry to the war. In this respect he
stands in marked contrast to some of the
politician-soldiers who tried to extract from
the war undeserved glory and unearned
fame which they hoped later to parade upon
the hustings. To Colonel Dodge the war un
questionably brought a well-deserved dis
tinction, besides subsequent military and of
ficial honors ; and to the people of Wisconsin
the record of his services will ever remain
a patriotic memorial.

VI

MAJOK OF MOUNTED RANGERS

"FOR the defense of the frontier", reads the
congressional act of June 15, 1832, which
created the battalion of Mounted Rangers.121
A commission bearing the bold signature of
Andrew Jackson had, on June 22, 1832, cre
ated Henry Dodge the Major of this force of
six companies. For about one year this
battalion ranged the frontier, and its opera
tions furnish another chapter to the military
record of the victor of the battle of Horse
Shoe Bend.

The necessity for such a force of "Rough
Riders" had been strongly urged in Con
gress; petitions and memorials had come
from the frontier; recent distress and
bloodshed from Indian outbreaks were still
fresh in the public mind; private citizens
had left their business and their families to
defend their homes ; infantry could not cope
with the mounted troops; and the presence
of such a force would serve as a preventive

67

68 HENRY DODGE

of further outbreaks. Finally, the cost of
the force would be more than compensated
for when Indian dangers and hostilities
would be prevented, crops saved, and the ex
penses of calling out the militia would be
unnecessary.

The " frontier" then comprised a vast
area in the Mississippi Valley. The military
posts were few, small, and too widely sepa
rated to offer protection and defense. At the
Portage in Michigan Territory was Fort
Winnebago, containing a garrison of about
one hundred and fifty men commanded by
Lieutenant Colonel Cutler. Fort Dearborn
was garrisoned by about one hundred men
under Major Whistler. On the Upper Mis
sissippi it appears that Fort Snelling held
a garrison of one hundred and forty-two;
Fort Crawford had a force of one hundred
and ninety-four men under Zachary Taylor ;
and about sixty troops were at Fort Arm
strong. In the far southwest Colonel Ar-
buckle held a force of about five hundred
men at Fort Gibson in Arkansas Territory ;
and about one hundred and fifty men under
Major Blley held Fort Leavenworth.122

A total expense of $297,530.50 was con
sidered necessary to maintain this force of

MAJOR OF MOUNTED RANGERS 69

about six hundred and sixty Mounted
Rangers for one year. Major Dodge's pay
and emoluments were to be $1456 per an
num ; each Captain was to receive $1255 per
annum ; a total of $219,000 was estimated for
the privates; while the subsistence for one
year at twelve and one-half cents per ration
for the non-commissioned officers and pri
vates made another figure of $30,112.50.123

Five companies were immediately organ
ized, but the organization of the sixth was
delayed until later in the summer. A Rang
ers' camp was established a few miles below
Rock Island, near the mouth of the Rock
River. The cholera, which had been raging
for some time in various sections of the
country, suddenly made its appearance in
the Rangers' camp. On August 28th a
Ranger of Captain Lemuel Ford's company
died of the disease. Like many of the sol
diers the dead Ranger was given to intoxi
cation, and Major General Winfield Scott
sternly denounced intemperance which he
declared generated and spread the epidemic.

" Every soldier or Ranger," commanded
Major General Scott, "who shall be found
drunk or sensibly intoxicated, after the pub
lication of this order, [shall] be compelled,

70 HENRY DODGE

as soon as his strength will permit, to dig
a grave at a suitable burying place, large
enough for his own reception, as such grave
cannot fail soon to be wanted for the drunk
en man himself, or some drunken compan
ion."124 Several weeks passed before the
disease passed over. Thirteen unlucky
Rangers had fallen victims to the plague and
without coffins lay buried on the banks of
Eock Eiver.125

On September 3, 1832, an order was issued
for the disposition of the Rangers on the
frontier. The companies of Captains James
D. Henry, Benjamin V. Beekes, and Jesse
B. Browne were assigned to the northwest
ern frontier between the Wabash, Chicago,
Fort Winnebago, and the mouth of the Wis
consin River. They were to range under the
immediate instructions of Major Dodge and
through him were to report to the eastern
division of the military department. He
was further instructed to go to such places
where grain could be procured for the
Rangers' horses.

The other three companies were to serve
under the western division of the army.
Under Major Dodge's instructions the com
panies of Captains Nathan Boone and Lem-

MAJOR OF MOUNTED RANGERS 71

uel Ford were ordered to Fort Gibson on the
Arkansas River, to range on the southwest
ern frontier. Captain Jesse Bean's company
had already received orders from Washing
ton to repair to Fort Gibson.126

Two Indian treaties were witnessed by
Major Dodge in September, 1832. The first,
held on the present site of Rock Island on
the 15th, was made by General Scott and
Governor John Reynolds. Thirty-nine In
dians and twenty -nine whites, among whom
was Major Dodge, signed this treaty where
by the Winnebago nation ceded to the
United States the land lying to the south and
east of the Wisconsin River and the Fox
River of Green Bay.127

Still more notable was the treaty signed
six days later on the present site of Daven
port.128 This was the famous " Black Hawk
Purchase" treaty. Little did Major Dodge
realize the transcendent importance of this
treaty when he signed it as a witness. A
strip along the west side of the Mississippi
River, containing about 6,000,000 acres, was
to be opened to settlement on June 1, 1833.
No one dreamed that in four years this area
would contain an enterprising population
demanding civil government and laws which

72 HENRY DODGE

Henry Dodge was to be the foremost to in
augurate.

Major Dodge's order No. 9, of September
23, 1832,129 instructed Captain Browne to
take his company into winter quarters near
Danville, Illinois. Corn, forage, and fuel
were to be secured; but private rights of
citizens were not to be invaded. " Gambling
and Drinking to intoxication is prohibited",
reads the order. "The Capt. commanding
will order Court Martials for the trial of
those found intoxicated, and punish them
without delay as well as to prevent Gambling
in his Camp." Monthly reports as to the
strength, condition, the arms, the ammuni
tion, and the provisions of the company
were to be sent by Captain Browne to Major
Dodge at Mineral Point in Michigan Terri
tory. On the same day Major Dodge gave
instructions to Captains Boone and Ford to
go by the nearest practicable route to Fort
Gibson.

Governor John Reynolds in October,
1832, informed Major Dodge that the
Pottawattamie Indians had assumed an im
posing and threatening attitude on the Illi
nois frontier. From Vandalia, Illinois,
Major Dodge then ordered Captain Browne

MAJOR OF MOUNTED RANGERS 73

to range the northern frontier. "You will
order the Pottawattamies out of the settle
ments of the whites and drive them out of
the range of the settlements, if they refuse
to go. ... You are not to make an at
tack on the Pottawattamies unless they
should make an attack on the Frontiers
should they however shed a Drop of white
Blood you will not hesitate to kill the of
fenders their aiders and abettors".130

Winter had now come on and the routine
of camp duties took the place of marches on
the frontier. Captain Matthew Duncan had
succeeded Captain Henry, and in March he
was ordered to escort some caravans bound
for Santa Fe and to guard them against the
attacks of hostile Indians. This left but two
companies upon the northwestern fron
tier.131

Vague rumors of threatened attacks by
the Pottawattamies and Winnebagoes be
gan to alarm the frontier settlers of Illinois
again in the spring of 1833. Major Dodge
was prompt in his efforts to quiet the public
mind, and on April 3rd he sent orders to
Captains Browne and Beekes to march to
Hennepin on the Illinois River and to hold
themselves in readiness.132 "I will advise

74 HENRY DODGE

the people of the mining Country, to form
themselves into mounted Companies", re
ported Dodge from Dixon's Ferry to Brig
adier General Atkinson.133 To Major Gen
eral Macomb he wrote: "I consider it im
portant to the future growth of this country
that the Winnebagoes should be forced to
leave the country they have ceded to the U.
S., and that there should be a separation of
the Winnebagoes and the Pottawattamies.
Such is the dislike of the people of the
frontier generally of these two nations,
. . . .that war must be the inevitable result
unless they are all removed."134

While directing the movements of the
Rangers, Major Dodge was arranging for a
meeting with the Winnebago chiefs. The
conference was held on the 29th of April,
1833, at the Four Lakes. White Crow,
Whirling Thunder, and other chiefs were
present, and Pierre Pauquette interpreted
Dodge's speech to them. Nothing definite
seems to have resulted from this meeting,
and in reporting it to Atkinson Dodge de
clared that "The Winnebagoes are the most
difficult Indians to understand I have ever
been acquainted with."

Major Dodge's watchful movements had

MAJOR OF MOUNTED RANGERS 75

gained the approval of Major General At
kinson. On May 24, 1833, he was ordered to
make a demand upon the Winnebago chief
for the surrender of the eight Indian prison
ers who had escaped the previous fall. They
were the Indians who had murdered the ill-
fated Felix St. Vrain and others at Kel
logg 's Grove in the previous June.135

Pauquette, the interpreter, and John H.
Kinzie, the sub-agent for the Winnebagoes,
accompanied Dodge in quest of the prison
ers. Leaving Dodgeville on June 9th,
Major Dodge arrived at the Rangers' camp
near the Four Lakes on the next day. Four
days later he reached Fort Winnebago,
where Kinzie arrived a day later with
$20,000 annuity money for the Winneba
goes. "I waited on Mr. Kinzie ", reported
Major Dodge to Atkinson, "and sent for Mr.
Pauquette the Interpreter and had a Con
fidential Conference with them on the sub
ject of the removal of the Winnebagoes
.... as well as the necessity of a prompt de
livery of the Eight Murderers who made
their escape from Fort Winnebago Last
fall and that a refusal on the part of the
indians to remove from the Ceded Lands
would oblidge me to march with the Mounted

76 HENRY DODGE

Eangers to drive them across the Wisconsin
Eiver and that it might be necessary for me
to call on the Government for aid should it
become necessary to do so the chiefs would
be in Danger of being taken and held as
Hostages untill the murderers were de
livered up, to be dealt with according to the
Laws of the Country".136

A stern "talk" was soon afterwards de
livered to the Winnebago chiefs by Major
Dodge who reminded them of the ninth ar
ticle of the treaty made at Rock Island on
September 15, 1832. Under this stipulation
they had agreed to deliver up the eight fugi
tives to some military post. "I now dis
tinctly give you to understand", the chiefs
were warned, "that if you fail to adopt
measures for the Apprehension of the
Fugitives that it will lead to a Stoppage of
your annuities by the Goverment and that
your Chiefs are liable [to] arrest and de
tention untill the delivery of the murder

ers."137

The surrender of the murderers, assured
Dodge, would be viewed by the President as
a proof of friendly disposition, and then
"the bright Chain of Friendship will re
main entire & unbroken between us". The

MAJOR OF MOUNTED RANGERS 77

"talk" then concluded with this dire warn
ing: "Should you fail to deliver these
murderers your road will be filled with
thorns & the Sun will be covered with a
Dark Cloud, which will rest over your
Nation untill the Blood of the Innocent is
Avenged".

• These admonitions bore fruit and the
eight murderers were delivered to Sub-
Agent Kinzie and lodged in the guard-house
at Port Winnebago. This was followed by
the exodus of the Winnebagoes from the
Rock River country across the Wisconsin
River to the north. Lieutenant Joshua W.
Fry with fifty men had assisted at the
removal of Whirling Thunder and his
braves who could now again hunt and fish
without molestation from jealous settlers
and the watchful companies under Major
Dodge.

The terms of enlistment of many of the
Rangers were expiring. On July 7, 1833,
forty-two men of Captain Beekes's com
pany presented themselves before their
Captain and demanded their discharge.
They insisted that their term expired a year
from the time of their enlistment — not a
year from the date on which they were

78 HENRY DODGE

mustered in. They then stacked their arms
in front of the Captain's tent, mounted
their horses, and started for Indiana. To
Captain Beekes a furlough of sixty days
was granted by Major Dodge.138

To Captain Jesse B. Browne, Major
Dodge gave orders to discharge the Rangers
whose term of service had expired ; the pub
lic arms and property of the two companies
were to be delivered to I. B. Brant, the
Quartermaster at St. Louis; and Captain
Browne was then to repair to Danville to
await further orders. Major Dodge's final
order is dated August 7, 1833.139 A small
detachment under Lieutenant James Cly-
man was left to range between Dodgeville
and the Four Lakes and to observe the
movements of the Winnebagoes.

Thus ended the history of Major Dodge's
Mounted Eangers. No battle had been
fought and no blood had been shed ; no acts
of heroism are recorded ; and the reports of
rifles were heard only on the drill ground.
But the battalion of Mounted Rangers cer
tainly insured the peace of the northwestern
frontiers which had seen and felt the terror
of Indian outbreaks. Then, too, with the
moral influence of a movable force Major

MAJOR OF MOUNTED RANGERS 79

Dodge was able to perform the duties of
adviser and friend among a people who with
each generation had to look less at a rising
and more to a setting sun.

VII

COLONEL or THE FIRST REGIMENT OF
DRAGOONS

NEARLY three years of military life and
exploration in the far West now lay before
Henry Dodge — years which were to bring
to a close his long service in the profession
of arms. As early as March 2, 1833, Presi
dent Jackson had approved an act "for the
more perfect defense of the frontier"140
whereby was created the first regiment of
Dragoons in the army history of the United
States. It was but another recognition of
Henry Dodge's military services when two
days later the President appointed him
Colonel of this force which was to consist of
seven hundred and forty-eight officers and
men.

As early as the previous December the
proposition of the Secretary of War to con
vert the Mounted Eangers into a regiment
of Dragoons had been urged in Congress:
the cost would be less than for the Rangers

80

COLONEL OF DRAGOONS 81

by $153,932 a year; the Dragoons would be
equal in celerity of movement ; their service
on horse and on foot would require training
in the use of both the rifle and the sword;
and finally, the addition of such a force
would make much more complete the mili
tary arm of the government.141

Jefferson Barracks, a post ten miles be
low St. Louis, was selected as the head
quarters for the regiment. Early in Marchy
1833, orders for the enlistment of the corps
were issued, and Colonel Dodge divided his
time between commanding the Rangers on
the Illinois frontier and in assisting in the
organization of the Dragoons. During the
spring and summer of 1833 his military
orders were generally issued over the title
of "Col. U. S. Dragoons Commanding U. S.
Bangers' \

"I wish the Regiment to be efficient and
useful to the country", wrote Colonel Dodge
to the Adjutant General. "And by taking
a part of the officers from the Regular Army
who understand the first principles of their
profession and uniting them with the Rang
ing officers who understand the woods ser
vice would promote the good of the service
The sooner the determination of the Hon

82 HENRY DODGE

Secretary of War on this subject the better
for the good of the service permit me to
Call the attention of the Genl in Chief to
the absolute necessitty of ordering the
Cloathing and Arms intended for the use of
the U. S. Dragoons there are four Com
panies at this post and Capt Sumner is
Daily expected with an additional Company
The recruits are all here much in want of
their Cloathing and it is important we
should have our arms it is expected that the
Dragoons should be drilled at Target Shoot
ing, as well as to fire with precision on
horseback."142

Stephen W. Kearney, the Lieutenant
Colonel of the regiment, was appointed to
superintend the recruiting of the regiment,
with the order "to recruit healthy, respect
able men, native citizens, not under twenty,
nor over thirty-five years of age, whose size,
figure and early pursuits may best qualify
them for mounted soldiers." 143

Ten companies of seventy-one men each
were to be enlisted, and early in May troops
began to arrive at Jefferson Barracks.
Nearly every State in the Union was repre
sented in the regiment. The last company
under Captain Edwin V. Sumner arrived

COLONEL OF DRAGOONS 83

from New York on September 6, 1833.
Among the regular army officers were Major
Richard B. Mason, Captain David Hunter,
and Lieutenant Philip St. George Cooke.
Among the several West Point graduates
who had enlisted was Lieutenant Jefferson
Davis, then a young man of twenty-five.
Five of the Ranger captains had reenlisted
in the Dragoons during the summer. Com
pany E under Captain David Perkins
had been recruited from the young men of
Newr York City.

"Col. Dodge ", writes a Dragoon of Cap
tain Sumner's company, "is in command of
the regiment, a man about say fifty, thick
set, somewhat gray, a thorough backwoods
man, very fond of talking over his own ex
ploits; he was, I believe, a militia general,
and obtained the colonelcy of this regiment
on account of his late exertions during the
Black Hawk war on the whole a clever man,
but not much of a soldier."144

A fine body of men were now assembled;
but in the first drill not a few looked like
recruits from the regiment of Jack Falstaff .
Military uniforms had not yet arrived, and
many of the soldiers with but one suit of
clothes presented a threadbare appearance.

84 HENRY DODGE

The rawest troops furnished a ludicrous
scene for the men who had already been
given a few weeks' maneuvers on the drill
ground. The " awkward squad" did daily
duty, and in Captain Sumner's company
Sergeant Eoberts was the only man who
knew how to put his left foot foremost. A
sufficient number of arms was also lacking,
and it had been necessary to disinter old
muskets that had lain in the arsenal since
the war with Great Britain.

The barracks, forming a hollow square,
were built of hewn stone and stood on a high
bluff overlooking the Mississippi River.
Colonel Dodge and the other officers were
quartered in two-story structures, while
surrounding the drill ground were the one-
story buildings for the soldiers. Upon the
handsome parade ground were held the daily
evolutions during the fall of 1833, under the
directions of Major Mason.

But murmurings and dissatisfaction rose
in the months of September and October.
Barrack rooms were without bunks, and
even the kitchen implements had been
bought with soldiers' money. Arrogant
treatment from the officers stirred up ad
ditional complaints. Said a Dragoon: "Op-

COLONEL OF DRAGOONS 85

pression every day growing more and more
insupportable, the dragoons began openly
to murmur, and the guard-house was kept
continually filled to overflowing. Courts-
martial were in continual session; and for
the most trifling neglect of duty, men were
tried and sentenced either to walk the tow-
path all day with a bag of shot on their
shoulders, or to confinement in the guard

room."145

Desertions were almost nightly occur
rences, and privates, corporals, and ser
geants discharged themselves from the
hardships and restraints of the barracks.
In one case a recaptured soldier was given
fifty lashes on his back with a cat-o'-nine
tails and was then sentenced to serve out his
term of enlistment between the dreary walls
of the guard-house.

Other annoyances presented themselves.
The contracts for the erection of the stables
had not been fulfilled and so the troops
were put upon the job. Each morning after
drill a squad was formed and armed with
saws, hammers, shovels, and pickaxes. This
kindled new dissatisfaction, and whisper
ings of " speculation" and " profits" passed
current among the soldiery. Indeed, a

86 HENRY DODGE

Dragoon records that "some of our men
have signified their disrelish of the work by
not remaining to see it finished."14*

Early in October the Dragoon horses ar
rived — a collection of blacks, greys,
creams, and bays. Week after week they
were put through drills and evolutions until
they became quite familiar with military
usages. On November 9, 1833, the first
battalion parade of the mounted Dragoons
was held about a hundred rods to the rear
of the barracks. Major Mason was in com
mand, and on Sunday (the next day) they
were reviewed by the Inspector General who
pronounced men, horses, and equipments in
excellent order.147

About six hundred Dragoons had now
been enlisted, and for months they had
passed through the routine and regulations
of military life at the barracks. But in
November, 1833, in response to Colonel
Dodge's recommendation, an order was is
sued to march five companies to Fort Gib
son. Early on the 20th of November the
baggage-wagons were loaded with supplies,
the bugle sounded, the companies formed,
and Colonel Dodge for the first time as
sumed command and gave the orders to

COLONEL OF DRAGOONS 87

march. "The prisoners/' tells the historian
of this march, " consisting of eighteen men
under sentence for desertion, and other
capital offenses, were made to walk hand
cuffed and chained, some with a cannon ball
to the leg, flanked on either side by the rear
guard. And thus commenced the Regiment
of Dragoons their first march."148

Not more than three or four miles were
made in the first day's march. In the next
two days a distance of forty-three miles was
covered. Mountains, valleys, forests, and
prairies were traversed in turn.149 Rivers
and creeks were forded. On the twentieth
day Colonel Dodge's force crossed the
boundary line between the State of Missouri
and Arkansas Territory. On December 17,
1833, the regiment of Dragoons arrived at
Fort Gibson in what is now Muskogee
County in Oklahoma.

"On my arrival at this place", reported
Colonel Dodge on Christmas day, 1833, "I
found no arrangements had been previously
made for furnishing the Dragoons under
my command with Rations or Corn for
the Horses on Consulting Col Arbuckle
the Commg Officer of this post I thought it
advisable to remain in the immediate vi-

88 HENRY DODGE

cinity of this post Col Arbuckle has made
a purchase of Eight Thousand Bushels of
Corn the cane is abundant the Dragoon
Horses are in good order They will be well
prepared for Service early in the Spring
I am preparing my Quarters for the winter
which will be Completed in a few days
after their Completion I will have the
Dragoons Drilled both on foot & Horseback
and feel Confident they will be prepared for
any Service required of them early in the
Spring."150

The first week in January, 1834, was bit
terly cold. Under a temperature of twelve
degrees below zero six inches of ice froze on
the Grand River. Navigation was stopped
and no corn was delivered. Colonel Dodge
was finally obliged to place the horses in the
cane-brake where they could feed. But
there a stampede occurred and the animals
scattered in various sections throughout the
country. An officer and a party of men were
sent after the strayed animals, and it was
with much difficulty that they were finally
recovered.151 Early in February Captain
Sumner was sent to Washington County,
Arkansas Territory, to purchase forage and
corn for the Dragoon horses.1

152

COLONEL OF DRAGOONS 89

Camp Jackson, the permanent quarters
for the regiment, was laid out in a little strip
of woods one and a quarter miles west of
Fort Gibson. Barrack rooms of oak
shingles were constructed, the apertures in
the roof of which admitted freely both sun
and rain. Here the long winter evenings
were spent. Between retreat and tattoo
sounds of revelry and glee could have been
heard. Creeks, Osages, and Cherokees
would sometimes join the soldiers in dances
to the tunes of two or three cracked fiddles,
which were the favorite instruments of the
Tennesseeans. In another corner might be
seen a card party seated around a tallow
candle. Removed from the groups of
amusement another Dragoon might have
been seen reading Robinson Crusoe or the
Life of General Marion from the regimental
library.153

Colonel Dodge was now expecting orders
to proceed with the regiment through the
extensive Indian region between the western
boundaries of Missouri and Arkansas and
the Rocky Mountains. On February 15,
1834, he presented his views on the contem
plated expedition to Adjutant General R.
Jones.154 Guides and interpreters should be

90 HENRY DODGE

secured. "Twenty Osages should be pro
cured to accompany the expedition as Buf
falo Hunters to enable me to subsist my
Command until the Dragoons Learn to
shoot Buffaloes There are few men in this
Command who ever saw a Buffalo and
would be entirely unable to subsist them
selves By Hunting".

Fort Leavenworth, he suggested, should
be made the headquarters of the regiment.
"This military post presents many ad
vantages [.] Steam Boats could Early in
the Spring transport the necessary supplies
to this place [.] Forage Can be procured
cheap on the Frontier of the State of Mis
souri and protection would be afforded the
Frontier inhabitants of this State and this
would be the proper point to furnish the
necessary Escort for the protection of our
trade to the Mexican States".

Colonel Dodge also recommended that the
Eegiment of Dragoons be divided into three
parts. Three companies with the reserve
infantry at Fort Gibson would be sufficient
for the protection of the far western fron
tier. Two other divisions could be located
at convenient points on the Mississippi
Eiver to make a display of force, to prevent

COLONEL OF DRAGOONS 91

the Indians from intruding upon the whites,
and to prevent encroachments of the settlers
upon Indian lands and trade. Further
more, such a force would aid greatly in
maintaining peace between the powerful
Sioux and Chippewas.

Brigadier General Henry Leavenworth,
who had assumed command of the left wing
of the western department of the army, ar
rived at Camp Jackson in the spring of
1834. Colonel Dodge was ordered to send an
officer to learn whether or not a company of
traders going from Missouri to Santa Fe
needed an escort. "Col. Dodge will also
make an estimate of every thing that will be
required by his corps to prepare them for
their contemplated movement, and send it
to the office of the acting assistant adjutant-
general of this command as soon as pos
sible."155 The duty of acting as an escort
fell to Captain Clifton Wharton's company,
which left Camp Jackson in May and ac
companied the traders to Santa Fe.156

To maintain peace, quiet, and order in the
army was not the least of the tasks of
Colonel Dodge. "I find more treachery and
deception practiced in the army than I ever
expected to find with a Body of Men who

92 HENRY DODGE

Call themselves Gentlemen", he writes to a
friend. "My Situation is unpleasant [Jef
ferson] Davis who I appointed my adjt was
among the first to take a stand against me
Major Mason and Davis are now two of my
most inveterate enemies the desire of these
Gentlemen appears to be to Harass me in
Small Matters they dont want to fight if
Mason would say fight I would go to the field
with him with Great pleasure and indeed
unless Harmony and good feeling exists in
a Corps the public Service cannot be pro
moted and to undertake an Expedition with
such men I should run the risk of Losing
what Little reputation I have acquired".157
Meanwhile the companies from Jefferson
Barracks had been marching to Fort Gib
son and their arrivals at Camp Jackson were
hailed with welcome and joy. Preparations
for the summer campaign were in full sway.
"Our camp is now," describes the Dragoon
historian, "throughout the day, a constant
scene of bustle and noise, the blacksmith
shops are kept in continual operation,
tailors and saddlers find constant employ
ment, and in fact no one has time to be idle ;
one half the regiment are daily detailed to
watch the horses whilst grazing upon the

COLONEL OF DRAGOONS 93

prairies, which is now the most severe duty
to be performed, standing during the whole
of the day exposed to the heat of a broiling
sun, which during the last week has raised
the mercury to from 103° to 107° in the ther
mometer. ' ' 158

VIII

THE EXPEDITION TO THE PAWNEE PICT

VILLAGE159

"FORWARD,, march!" Responding to this
command on June 15, 1834, nine companies
of about five hundred men began their sum
mer campaign. It was an imposing caval
cade : the tramp of the horses on the prairie
mingled with the commands of the officers ;
the proud and manly deportment of the
young men indicated the buoyant hope and
spirit of the army; a company of white
horses made a striking contrast to another
one of blacks; while sorrels and bays gave
added effects of color. To the rear of the
companies might have been seen and heard
the lumbering movements of the baggage-
wagons.

About two hundred and fifty miles to the
west of Fort Gibson lay the Pawnee Pict and
the Camanche villages — somewhere on the
head-waters of the Red River. These were
the ultimate destination of Colonel Dodge

94

EXPEDITION TO THE PAWNEES 95

and the Dragoons. The purpose of the cam
paign was to cultivate an acquaintance with
the Camanches and the Pawnees — two ex
tensive roaming tribes that had not yet
recognized the United States in any treaties.
It was deemed indispensable to the peace
and security of the far western frontier to
display a respectable force in that quarter.
The Dragoons, it was believed, would im
press upon the tribes the power of the
United States and excite a deeper respect
for the government.160

Four bands of Indians — the Senecas,
Osages, Cherokees, and Dela wares — joined
the expedition to serve as hunters, guides,
and interpreters. Two young girls, a Kiowa
of about fifteen years and a Pawnee of about
eighteen years, were taken with the
Dragoons to be restored to their tribes. This
policy it was believed would pave the way
for friendly intercourse.161 George Catlin,
the famous portrait painter of Indians, had
been given permission to accompany the ex
pedition in its visit to the wild tribes along
the Arkansas and the Red Rivers. "I start
this morning with the dragoons for the
Pawnee country", he writes on June 19th,
"but God only knows where that is.

96 HENRY DODGE

Long forced marches were made during
the warm, sultry June days. Springs and
streams provided a bountiful supply of
water and the prairies furnished pasturage
for the Dragoon horses. On the 26th of
June they passed a band of five hundred or
six hundred Osages under the command of
66 Black Dog'7, a famous warrior of that
nation. On the next day a herd of buffalo
was met and General Leavenworth and
Colonel Dodge tested the mettle and speed
of their horses. Signs of the Pawnees be
came more abundant. On July 1st forty-
five men and three officers were reported
sick from the excessive heat, and each day
the command pushed on with depleted
ranks.

On July 4th the Dragoons were ferried
across the Washita River. "Our baggage",
relates a Dragoon of Captain Browne's
company, "we transported by means of a
raft constructed by canoes lashed together
and covered with planks. We also used a
canvass Boat covered with gum Elastick be
longing to Col Kearney which we found to
answer an excellent purpose Having en
camped on the opposite side with our whole
force & concluding it best to travel with as

EXPEDITION TO THE PAWNEES 97

little encumbrance as possible, Col Dodge
selected about 250 men & horses most able
for duty & taking only 10 days provisions
for 20 days sustinence, set forward on a
forced march."163

About one hundred and eighty miles had
now been marched by the Dragoons, when
early in July a reorganization of the regi
ment became necessary. Six companies of
forty-two men each were to continue the
campaign with Colonel Dodge in command.
One hundred and nine were left for duty at
Camp Leavenworth, together with eighty-
six sick. Baggage-wagons were abandoned ;
each man was furnished with ten days' ra
tions and eighty rounds of cartridges; and
the march once more began.

Day after day through the month of July
the command continued its march over the
rolling prairies. Now and then a stray band
of Indians would be observed. Wild horses
in large herds passed; and enormous herds
of buffalo moved across the plains. Men
and beasts were prostrated by heat and the
strenuous campaign, while the low state of
the provisions brought anxiety to Colonel
Dodge. On July 14th a roving band of
about forty Camanches entered the camp to

98 HENRY DODGE

beg tobacco and to talk with the Dragoon
Colonel. From these Indians Colonel
Dodge learned that the Camanches, Kiowas,
and the Pawnee Picts (or Toyash) were
friends and to some degree allies. "The
Camanches are, we learn/' runs the journal
of this expedition, "the largest band, the
proudest and boldest; therefore the colonel
has resolved to visit them first ; thence to the
Toyash village, establish friendly under
standings with one or both, or war with one
or both, as may be ; officers and men on the
alert, as if in the atmosphere of war."164

Colonel Dodge now pushed on and soon
arrived at a Camanche camp of about two
hundred skin lodges. About a hundred
mounted Camanches, seemingly not a little
alarmed, came to welcome the Dragoons.
Thousands of horses were grazing about the
Indian camp, and several of the officers pur
chased animals for a blanket or a butcher
knife. Colonel Dodge waited for the
Camanche chief, then absent on a hunting
trip; but after more than a day's fruitless
waiting the regiment moved on in the di
rection of the Toyash village. An Indian
who had been at the Toyash camp promised
Colonel Dodge to guide him thither.

EXPEDITION TO THE PAWNEES 99

By July 19th the command had been re
duced to one hundred and eighty-three men.
Seventy-five, over one-half of whom were
sick, had been left behind. Desertions had
also reduced the band. For a month the
soldiers had been without a morsel of bread,
and their appetites had become too vora
cious to distinguish between horse flesh and
buffalo meat. The mirage of a waterfall
glistening in the sunlight was discovered to
be a mass of salt. "No buffalo", records
Lieutenant Wheelock's journal. "Our un
shod horses suffered very much to-day ; wild
horses in abundance, and bears ; many deer
were seen ; a few were killed ; scanty allow
ance of provisions for our men; we march
too fast to be able to hunt much on the
road ; game is now divided among the com
mand with great care; marched in three
columns; baggage reduced to three pack
horses to each company."

Across reddish granite hills, deep ravines,
and difficult passes Colonel Dodge continued
the toilsome and intricate route. On July
20, 1834, they were within five miles of the
Toyash village situated on a branch of the
Red River. The non-appearance of the
band convinced the Dragoons that the

100 HENRY DODGE

Indians had either fled or that they had de
termined to make a stand and fight. Bay
onets were fixed and every preparation for
a conflict was made. On the next day the
command proceeded a mile when they were
met by about sixty Indians, who seemed
greatly alarmed and begged Colonel Dodge
not to fire upon them. After several miles
of marching along extensive and well culti
vated fields of squashes, pumpkins, beans,
melons, and corn, the Dragoons reached the
village.

Here then was the Toyash or Pawnee
Pict village, the main goal of this expedi
tion, and the object which had been the
stimulus during five long weeks of marching.
The village, consisting of about two hundred
grass lodges, was situated in a rich bottom
embedded in the immense ledges of rocks
and mountains. Colonel Dodge encamped
in a fine position about a mile from the vil
lage, and the hungry Dragoons were soon
enjoying the Indian hospitalities. Dishes
of corn and beans dressed with buffalo fat
were placed before them. For dessert the
soldiers enjoyed liberal supplies of water
melons and wild plums; while the savages
gladly exchanged green corn, dried horse

EXPEDITION TO THE PAWNEES

meat, and buffalo meat for vermillion, ar
ticles of clothing, knives, and tobacco.165

According to the previous arrangements
of Colonel Dodge a grand council was held
between the American officers and the chiefs
and warriors of the Toyash nation. Bands of
Camanches mounted upon their fleet horses
had arrived ; Pawnee Picts and Wecos were
present in large numbers; while the tall,
erect, and dignified forms of the Kiowas
represented the higher type of the Indians.
It was a scene that well stimulated the pen
and the brush of George Catlin.

"We are the first American officers who
have ever come to see the Pawnees", began
Dodge at the first council on July 22nd.
"We meet you as friends, not as enemies, to
make peace with you, to shake hands with
you. The great American captain is at peace
with all the white men in the wrorld; he
wishes to be at peace with all the red men of
the world; we have been sent here to view
this country, and to invite you to go to Wash
ington, where the great American chief lives,
to make a treaty with him, that you may
learn how he wishes to send among you
traders, who will bring you guns and blank
ets, and everything that you want."

-HENRY DODGE

Colonel Dodge then referred to the mur
der of Judge Martin, which some Indians
had committed on the False Washita earlier
in the summer. The Colonel informed them
also that he had learned from the Camanches
that the little son of Judge Martin was being
held as a prisoner. "Give us the white boy,
and we will give you the Pawnee girl that
we have brought with us." Denials from
the chiefs and repeated demands from
Colonel Dodge were then followed by a
gloomy silence. The accidental discharge of
a pistol came like a thunderbolt and almost
stirred the already over-strained feelings in
the council to the war point.

Finally a negro offered Colonel Dodge the
information that the Indians were now hold
ing the young boy as a prisoner in the vil
lage. The Colonel then became still more
stern and persistent, declaring that the coun
cil would stop until the boy was surrendered.
Further consultation followed among the
Indians, who finally sent for the young
prisoner who had been secreted in a corn
field by the savages. The friend of George
Catlin has given a graphic description of the
entrance of the child into this strange coun
cil.

EXPEDITION TO THE PAWNEES 103

"He is a smart and very intelligent boy of
nine years of age, and when he came in, he
was entirely naked, as they keep their own
boys at that age. There was a great excite
ment in the council when the little fellow
was brought in; and as he passed amongst
them, he looked around and exclaimed, with
some surprise, 'What! are there white men
here?' to which Colonel Dodge replied, and
asked his name ; and he promptly answered,
'my name is Matthew Wright Martin.' He
was then received into Colonel Dodge's
arms; and an order was immediately given
for the Pawnee and Kiowa girls to be
brought forward; they were in a few min
utes brought into the council-house, when
they were at once recognized by their friends
and relatives, wrho embraced them with the
most extravagant expressions of joy and
satisfaction. The heart of the venerable old
chief was melted at this evidence of
white man's friendship, and he rose upon
his feet, and taking Colonel Dodge in his
arms, and placing his left cheek against the
left cheek of the Colonel, held him for some
minutes without saying a word, whilst tears
were flowing from his eyes. He then em
braced each officer in turn, in the same silent

104 HENRY DODGE

and affectionate manner; which form took
half an hour or more, before it was com
pleted."166

Negotiations with the Indians now be
came easier and Colonel Dodge explained to
them that the great American President
desired to make a treaty with them all and
to exchange prisoners. " Peace cannot be
made with all the tribes till a large white
paper be written and signed by the Presi
dent and the hands of the chiefs. Will your
chiefs go with me now to see the American
President!" They were also assured that
the President would be very happy to see
them and would make them presents of
handsome guns, coats, etc. But objections
and murmurings from the Indians now en
sued, and Colonel Dodge concluded to close
the council and to wait for the morrow.

We-ter-ra-shah-ro, an old chief of seventy
years, with two other principal men met
Colonel Dodge at his tent the next morning
for a further "talk". The four leaders of
the bands that had accompanied the
Dragoons from Fort Gibson were also pres
ent and participated in the council. Colonel
Dodge once more urged that a few of the
chiefs accompany him back to Fort Gibson :

EXPEDITION TO THE PAWNEES 105

it was a plea for peace from a man who had
grown gray in Indian warfare. Following
further deliberations and consultations the
old Chief We-ter-ra-shah-ro was the first
to announce some willingness to go. "We
wish much to make peace", he said "with
the Osages ; we have been long at war with
them ; we wish to see the lands of the Creeks
and Cherokees also, to shake hands with
all." Then spoke Dutch, the Cherokee, a
man of remarkable personal beauty, dar
ing character, and reputation for his suc
cessful enterprises against the Osages. He
assured Colonel Dodge that the Cherokees
and the whites were friends and that they
could visit each other without fear.

Beatte, the leader of the Osage band, then
made a speech. He was a Frenchman who
had spent his life among the Osages and was
widely known as a skilled hunter. i ' We look
at our friend (Colonel Dodge) as our
father", he said. "He is a true father to
us all." He ended by urging that the chiefs
visit the Osages with "our father as he
wishes." Monpisha, another Osage, indorsed
Beatte 's speech, declaring that the Indians
should be taught to build homes and to raise
cattle. "Your buffalo will be gone in a few

106 HENRY DODGE

years ' ', he warned. ' ' Your great father, the
President, will give you cattle, and teach
you how to live without buffalo."

George Bullett, the Delaware, then gave
assurance of the friendship of his people,
after which Colonel Dodge resumed his
speech. He expressed his regret that some
of the Dragoon horses had broken into some
of the cornfields, and he promised to pay for
the damage done. "I wish you now to con
sider if some of you Avill go with me", he
said to the chiefs on their departure. The
chiefs then signified their intention of going
to their lodges to select some braves who
should accompany Colonel Dodge to Fort
Gibson.

Many Camanches arrived during the day
and visited the tent of Colonel Dodge, who
then repeated his "talk" given in the morn
ing. Ta-we-que-nah, one of the three newly
arrived chiefs, was warm in his professions
of friendship, and offered to exchange a
Spanish girl for the young Kiowa girl whom
the Dragoons had brought with them. But
Colonel Dodge wished to secure the friend
ship of the Kiowas and said to the chief: "I
mean to give her to her relations and friends
without price; I will give the girl to her

EXPEDITION TO THE PAWNEES 107
tribe ; they shall see how much their friends

we are/

But here occurred a dramatic interrup
tion. Twenty or thirty mounted Kiowas
dashed into the camp and almost into Colonel
Dodge 's tent. These believed that the whites
were in league with the hated Osages in
holding the Kiowa girl as a prisoner. They
were admirably equipped for flight or fight,
and with their bows strung and their quivers
filled with arrows they presented a bold and
warlike appearance. The Dragoons looked
to their own arms, the squaws and children
fled in terror, and a battle seemed in pros
pect. Colonel Dodge, however, quickly re
lieved the strain, addressing them with as
surances of friendship and with the intima
tion that the Kiowa girl should be restored
to her father and friends. A general coun
cil between the Camanche, Toyash, and
Kiowa nations was to be held the next day.

Not less than two thousand mounted and
armed warriors surrounded the council
where Colonel Dodge and his officers once
more met the head men and chiefs of the
various tribes. The Kiowas embraced
Colonel Dodge, and savage hearts were
moved to emotions of gratitude over the

108 HENRY DODGE

restoration of their relative. The squaws
with tearful eyes embraced the girl seated
among the chiefs, at the same time shower
ing their blessings upon her deliverer.

The council began and the pipe of peace
was passed. There was seated a group of
American officers in their bright uniforms
and swords ; the savage Toyash looked at the
arrogant and jealous Camanche; while the
more chivalric and daring Kiowa made the
fourth group of the council. Here bonds of
friendship were pledged and promises of
peace were made. Another band of sixty
Kiowas now arrived, and when the cere
monies of their reception were ended
Colonel Dodge made the formal surrender
of the Kiowa girl. " Kiowa chiefs!77, he said,
"I herewith present to you your relation;
receive her as the best evidence of the sin
cere friendship of the Americans." This
closed the council at the Pawnee Pict village.

On the next day the Dragoons were to
begin their return march; and early in the
morning the chiefs of the three tribes vis
ited Colonel Dodge who presented them
with guns and pistols. Fifteen Kiowas, in
cluding their chief, one Camanche, three
Pawnee chiefs, and We-ter-ra-shah-ro, the

EXPEDITION TO THE PAWNEES 109

old Wacoah chief, had finally consented to
return with Colonel Dodge to Fort Gibson.
Thus on July 25th, was begun the return
march from the Pawnee Pict village.

Over one hundred miles were marched in
the first week of the return journey. "We
are eagerly pursuing our way home", writes
the journalist of Company I, "with our In
dian Ambassadors who seem remarkably
jovial & delighted with everything they
see[.] Nightly they amuse us with their
wild unintelligible & unaccountable songs
which are far from being displeasing as
they all join in seemingly endeavoring to
exceed each other in noise, altogether cre
ating a compound of the most unearthly
discord".167

The overpowering heat and the number of
sick greatly retarded the speed of Colonel
Dodge's Dragoons. By July 29th they had
reached the buffalo range, and one or two
deer were killed and one man killed a
panther.168 "At twelve o'clock the cry of
buffalo was heard," records Lieutenant
Wheelock on the same day, "and never was
the cheering sound of land better welcomed
by wearied mariners, than this by our hun
gry columns. The command was halted, and

110 HENRY DODGE

some went together; the report of Beatte's
rifle, and the fall of a fat cow; halted at 4
o'clock; killed two more buffaloes."

Dodge finally decided to return at once to
Fort Gibson instead of marching to Fort
Leavenworth. Now and then a day of rest
would be ordered for the jaded horses ; not
unfrequently men were lost in hunting the
buffalo; prairie fires broke out; and on
August 5th Dodge was informed of the death
of General Leavenworth and Lieutenant
George W. McClure on the Washita River.169
The last herd of buffalo was seen on that day,
and "L", the chronicler of Company I
records that "we were called upon to look
our last look upon about 500 of these wel
come Prairie Companions".170

It was a warm and weary command that
thankfully returned to Fort Gibson on
August 15, 1834, after a campaign of just
two months. The horses presented a jaded
appearance and not more than ten were in
good condition; many of the soldiers' uni
forms were tattered and torn and showed
evidences of strenuous service. On August
24th Colonel Kearney's command arrived,
bringing its tired Dragoons, its litters of
sick, and its gaunt, worn horses.171

EXPEDITION TO THE PAWNEES HI

Unable to get the chiefs to go to Wash
ington, Colonel Dodge arranged for another
grand council at Fort Gibson on September
1, 1834. Seven or eight tribes assembled,
and for four days the fumes of the peace
making calumet drifted about the council.
Choctaws, Cherokees, Osages, Kiowas, Sene-
cas, Pawnees, Camanches, representing ex
treme types of Indian savages, met in
friendly conclave under the protection of
Colonel Dodge who believed that he had laid
the foundation of lasting friendship between
these frontier tribes,172

"Perhaps their never has been in America
a campaign that operated More Severely on
Men & Horses", wrote Colonel Dodge to
George W. Jones. "The Excessive Heat of
the Sun exceeded any thing I ever experi
enced [.] I marched from Fort Gibson with
500 Men and when I reached the Pawnee
Pick Village I had not more than 190 Men
fit for duty they were all left behind sick
or were attending on the Sick the Heat of
the Weather operated Severely on the
Dragoon Horses there was at least 100
Horses that was Killed or Broke down by
the excessive Heat of the Weather the Men
were taken with fever and I was obledged to

112 HENRY DODGE

Carry Some of my Men in Litters for Sev
eral Hundred Miles".173

Thus a number of great Indian tribes
were brought into a general peace and into
an acquaintance with and respect for the
United States government.174 Besides the
cost in money, much sickness and hardship
had been endured and more than one hun
dred Dragoons had lost their lives. Warm
praise was extended to Colonel Dodge by
Lewis Cass, the Secretary of War;175 and
George Catlin was well qualified to praise
when he said: "Thus was dragged through
and completed this most disastrous cam
paign; and to Colonel Dodge and Colonel
Kearney, who so indefatigably led and en
couraged their men through it, too much
praise cannot be awarded."176

IX

THE MARCH OF THE DRAGOONS TO THE
ROCKY MOUNTAINS 17T

COLONEL Dodge's eleventh and last mount
ed expedition was a sixteen hundred mile
march through the western frontiers to the
Rocky Mountains in the summer of 1835.
The line of march lay along the Platte and
the Arkansas rivers and over the old Santa
Pe trail in the region which is now embraced
by the States of Nebraska, Colorado, and
Kansas. Besides its exploring features, the
expedition held various " talks" and coun
cils with numerous bands and tribes of In
dians inhabiting these regions.

Agreeably to an order of March 9, 1835,
the detachment of Dragoons under Colonel
Dodge left Fort Leavenworth on the 29th
of the next May. Company A with forty
men was commanded by Captain Lan. P.
Lupton; Company C of forty men was in
charge of Captain Matthew Duncan; while
the thirty-seven men of Company Gr were

8 113

114 HENRY DODGE

led by Captain Lemuel Ford. Lieutenant
Enoch Steen was in command of two swivels.
Lieutenant G. P. Kingsbury was the jour
nalist of the expedition; while Major
Dougherty, Indian Agent, and Captain
Gantt, an Indian trader, accompanied the
force as interpreters and guides. The three
companies were directed to take sixty days'
rations of flour and ten days' rations of
pork; while twenty-five beeves and two
wagon-loads of flour were to be taken by the
assistant commissary of subsistence.

One hundred miles were traversed in a
northwesterly direction the first week. The
line of march lay across the reservation of
the Kickapoos and then across the Nemaha
River in what is now the State of Nebras
ka.178 Continuing, Colonel Dodge's com
mand entered the lands of the half-breed
Otoes and Omahas. On the 7th of June a
large herd of elk were seen, but the hunters
were not able to approach near enough to
shoot them. The country was a beautiful
and fertile plain, diversified with all the ac
cidents of wood, creeks, and ravines.

Two days later the command reached the
valley of the Platte River and encamped on
its banks only seven or eight miles from the

MARCH TO THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS 115

Oto village. Jutan, the principal chief of
this tribe, who came to meet the Dragoons,
had been a bold and successful warrior. He
is described by Lieutenant Kingsbury as a
man "about fifty years of age, tall, well
made, with a fine and intelligent cast of
countenance." On the next day the village
of the Otoes was reached and the Dragoons
were given a joyous welcome.179

Colonel Dodge (on June llth) met the as
sembled chiefs and warriors at the lodge
of Jutan, where a council wTas held. The
Colonel informed the Indians that the Presi
dent of the United States, "your great
father" wished them to be at peace and to
raise corn and cattle for the support of their
families. Deploring the sale of whiskey to
the Otoes, he said: "All unlicensed traders
found in your country will be taken and de
livered to the civil authorities, to be dealt
with according to the laws of the country."
After a brief reply by Jutan presents of
blankets, strouding, knives, and tobacco
were distributed among the warriors and
chiefs.

A week was spent here awaiting the ar
rival of a band of Omahas, with whom also
Colonel Dodge wished to hold a council.

116 HENRY DODGE

These Indians, numbering about eighteen
hundred, occupied the region between the
Missouri and the Platte rivers. On the 17th
of June about fifty of the principal chiefs
and warriors swam the Platte River and
arrived near the camp of the Dragoons.
Colonel Dodge extended a welcome and then
caused some provisions to be issued to them.

When the Indians were assembled Colonel
Dodge repeated the "talk" which he had
made to the Otoes a few days before. Big
Elk, the principal chief of the Omahas, re
plied in a friendly vein, but declared that
the presents spread before them had been
the cause of creating a great deal of evil in
the Indian country. He was a man of sixty
years, of sound practical common sense, and
with a knowledge which convinced him that
the Indians needed to learn some of the arts
of civilization.

The Pawnee village, in what is now Ham
ilton County, Nebraska, was the next objec
tive point. For eighty miles the march con
tinued up the Platte Elver over a rich,
alluvial, treeless plain which appeared to
be the old bed of a river. Herds of antelope
and deer varied the monotony of the scene.
It was ten or fifteen miles from the village

MARCH TO THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS 117

that Angry Man, the principal chief of the
Grand Pawnees, met the Dragoons. He at
once tried to ingratiate himself into the good
graces of Colonel Dodge with whom he had
a long talk.

Arriving at the Grand Pawnee village on
the 21st of June, 1835, the Dragoons were
met by one hundred and fifty or two hundred
Indians mounted on their best horses and
dressed in their gayest costumes. The Paw
nees, having formed an extended line, ad
vanced with full speed and galloped around
the detachment two or three times. The
chiefs then advanced to Colonel Dodge, and
the pipe of peace was passed around and
smoked. Angry Man then invited Colonel
Dodge, with a number of the Dragoons, to a
feast in his lodge. There they were seated
around the fire, and in strict accordance with
Indian etiquette Colonel Dodge was given
the highest seat. After a meal of boiled corn
was eaten the Dragoons made a brief march
and encamped on the bank of the Platte.

The Pawnees at this time were divided
into four tribes which lived in separate vil
lages and had different chiefs. Angry Man
was the chief of the Grand Pawnees. The
chief of the Pawnee Republics was called

118 HENRY DODGE

Blue-coat; the chief of the Pawnee Loups
was Axe ; while the head of the Pawnee Tap-
peiges was Little Chief. For years these
tribes had been waging an intermittent war
with the Sioux and had often returned with
scalps and large numbers of horses. They
occupied a rich and productive soil, well
adapted to the raising of grain and to graz
ing. The buffalo, of which they killed large
numbers, furnished their principal means
of subsistence. "They are already im
pressed with a high opinion of the power of
the United States," writes the Dragoon
journalist, "and it will not be difficult for
the government in a short time to exert a
controlling influence over them."

Colonel Dodge now declared his intention
of holding a council with the different
Pawnee tribes, and runners were at once
dispatched to inform the other villages of
his arrival. Repairing with most of the
Dragoon officers to the lodge of Angry Man,
Colonel Dodge addressed the assembled
chiefs and warriors. He would be glad to
make peace between them and their old
enemies, the Arapahos and the Cheyennes.
The destructive effects of wars were pointed
out, and it was urged that they devote them-

MARCH TO THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS 119

selves to the cultivation of corn. "Could
you also learn to raise cattle, ' ' he suggested,
"you would be able to support yourselves
and families without depending upon the
uncertainty of the chase."

To this advice highly rhetorical but rather
friendly speeches wrere made in turn by the
four Pawnee chiefs. "I thank you for
treating these people so well", declared
Angry Man. "You could not have been
blamed if you had been more severe. ' ' When
the council broke up presents were dis
tributed by Major Dougherty, and the In
dians appeared well pleased in obtaining new
blankets, strouding, knives, and tobacco.
They even informed Colonel Dodge that
they would send one of their principal men
with him to assist him in making peace with
the Cheyennes and the Arapahos.

One hundred and twelve miles were
covered in the next week. Marching up the
Platte River along the south bank, the
Dragoons passed the head of Grand Island
on June 29, 1835. TWTO days later Captain
Gantt set out to collect the Arickaras who
were supposed to be near the forks of the
Platte Eiver. On the evening of July 4th
the Dragoons saw their first herd of buffalo.

120 HENRY DODGE

On the next day Captain Gantt returned
bringing the chiefs and principal warriors
of the Arickaras. "The Arickaras", writes
Lieutenant Kingsbury, "are considered the
wildest and most savage tribe of Indians
west of the Mississippi, and have always
been characterized by a want of faith in
their promises, and an inveterate hostility to
the whites, killing all they could meet. They
are at war with most of the surrounding
nations, and large numbers of them are
killed every year. They formerly lived on
the Missouri River, but were driven from
this country by the Sioux, with whom they
had long been at war. . . . There are now
about two thousand two hundred of them
in all, numbers of them having lately been
killed by their numerous enemies."

Colonel Dodge's speech to the assembled
Arickaras was full of advice and warning.
The evil effects of inter-tribal wars were
again pointed out; the stealing of horses
was denounced; and they were reminded
that several charges of murder were held
against them. The friendly nature and pur
pose of the Dragoons' expedition was then
explained and the Colonel delivered the
greetings and the presents from the Presi-

MARCH TO THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS 121

dent of the United States. "He is mild in
peace", warned the Dragoon Colonel, "but
terrible in war. . . . You see but few
mounted men with me ; it was not the wish of
your great father to alarm you and other
remote nations of Indians with the appear
ance of a large army which he could have
sent here with as much ease as the few war
riors you see with me. The cannon you see
are small in comparison with the large guns
that could be sent to this country."

The chiefs replied briefly to this advice,
and after extolling their past conduct ex
pressed much friendship for the whites.
One of the chiefs gave a hunting-shirt finely
ornamented with beads to Colonel Dodge
who then distributed the usual presents
among the Indians. On July 6, 1835, the
council dispersed with many expressions of
thanks and gratitude from the Arickaras.

Steady marching occupied the Dragoons
for the next two weeks, during which they
covered over two hundred and fifty miles up
the south fork of the Platte River along its
southern bank. "The elements of the
scene", writes the Dragoon journalist,
"now were an unbounded prairie, a broad
river, with innumerable herds of buffalo

122 HENRY DODGE

grazing upon its banks, and occasionally a
solitary tree standing in bold relief against
a clear blue sky." On July 15th the soldiers
enjoyed a bird's-eye view of the Rocky
Mountains, which, being the end of the
march and the goal of their hopes, were
hailed with joy by the whole command.

Leaving the south fork of the Platte,
whose banks the Dragoons had hugged for
many hundreds of miles, the command for
the remainder of the month of July changed
its course to a southerly direction.180 Im
mense herds of buffalo were seen ; timber be
came more abundant ; several kinds of wild
fruit were found ; and deer were numerous.
On the 26th of July they crossed the divid
ing ridge between the waters of the Platte
and the Arkansas. "The mountains were in
the form of an immense fortification with
turrets and rock-crowned battlements, and
pine trees along the covered line relieved
against a clear blue sky. The different
passes between the mountains appeared to be
guarded by large terraced watch-towers."

On July 30th Colonel Dodge's detach
ment camped upon the banks of the Arkan
sas River. There he learned that fifty lodges
of Arapahos were encamped on the oppo-

MARCH TO THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS 123

site side of the river and that the remainder
of the nation with a large number of Chey-
ennes were hunting buffalo only about two
days' ride distant. Two days later Captain
Gantt left the command for the purpose of
collecting these bands together.

Sixty miles of marching up the Arkansas
River brought the Dragoons to the fort of
Bent and St. Train on the 6th of August,
1835. Here Messrs. Bent and St. Vrain car
ried on an extensive trade with the Indians
in buffalo robes, knives, blankets, and to
bacco. Two villages of Cheyennes were
found near this fort. These Indians were
very fond of whiskey and would sell their
last possession to get a drink of it. "In ar
ranging the good things of this world in
order of rank," writes Lieutenant Kings-
bury, "they say that whiskey should stand
first, then tobacco, third guns, fourth horses,
and fifth women."

Captain Gantt on August 10th returned to
camp bringing a number of Arapahos, a few
Gros Ventres and two or three Blackfeet.
On the next day Colonel Dodge held a coun
cil with a number of chiefs, warriors, and
principal men who represented these tribes.
The views and wishes of the government

124 HENRY DODGE

were then fully explained and once more the
Dragoon Colonel advised the Indians to
smoke the pipe of peace, to observe treaties,
and to stop their warfare against the whites.

With the assistance of Colonel Dodge
three chiefs were now selected for the three
bands of Cheyennes present at the council.
The Colonel then put around the neck of
each of the chiefs a medal, which he assured
the Cheyennes was the symbol of their new
offices. Presents were next distributed ac
cording to the number of Indians in each
nation; and then the council adjourned with
many expressions of gratitude and good will
for the Dragoons and their commander.181

Two days after this council the line of
march was continued up the Arkansas
River. On August 14, 1835, Colonel Dodge's
force arrived at a Cheyenne village of about
sixty skin lodges and held a council. The
next morning the whole command was
aroused by sharp firing about half a mile
distant. " Supposing this firing to be an at
tack on the Cheyenne Indians ", wrote Col
onel Dodge, "and that this band might ask
protection from me, I instantly formed the
Dragoons in order of battle, until I could be
informed as to the cause of the firing."

MARCH TO THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS 125

In a brief time, however, a band of about
one hundred Pawnees and Arickaras ar
rived, explaining that they had fired their
guns in order to prove their friendly dispo
sition by approaching with empty guns. A
council was then called and Colonel Dodge,
the mutual friend of all three tribes, induced
them to forget old scores and to become
friends. The Pawnees and the Arickaras
received more than a hundred horses as
presents from the Cheyennes, who in turn
were given fifty guns. "You will be con
vinced7', ran the Colonel's parting advice,
"that your true interest is to hold each other
strong by the hand as brothers and friends,
and never again to stain your hands by the
blood of each other."

Although unfamiliar with the art of
speech-making, the Cheyennes expressed a
wish that Colonel Dodge tarry several days
in order that they might hunt and bring him
buffalo meat. "The good effects of the ex
pedition," writes Lieutenant Kingsbury,
"are thus becoming apparent, and it will
probably have the effect to establish peace
among all the different tribes between the
Arkansas and the Platte. This will be of
immense advantage to these Indians, as they

126 HENRY DODGE

will thereby have an extensive country
opened to them, covered with innumerable
buffalo, where they can hunt in safety with
out the fear of being attacked".

Long daily marches down the Arkansas
were made in the next week across plains,
sand hills, buffalo grass, and prickly pear.182
On the 21st of August, 1835, the detachment
took the old Santa Fe trail. Arriving at the
Pawnee Fork the command halted for a day
in order to kill buffalo to provision them to
Fort Leavenworth. The horses were made to
swim the swollen stream, while the baggage
was transported across in buffalo skins.

For forty or fifty miles the line of march
bore down the Arkansas River. Late in
August the course of march veered to the
north. Forced marches were the only inci
dents of note during the next week. " Con
tinued the march", concludes Lieutenant
Kingsbury's narrative of this expedition,
" Crossed the Hundred-and-ten mile creek,
and entered upon the dividing ridge between
the Kansas and Osage rivers ; passed Round
and Elm Groves, and arrived at the crossing
of the Kansas, at Dunlap's Ferry, on the
15th; crossed the river and on the 16th ar
rived at Fort Leavenworth."

MARCH TO THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS 127

High praise was accorded to the whole
command for the success of the expedition,
which Brigadier General Edmund P. Gaines
regarded as extraordinary and unprece
dented. He believed that the Indian tribes
had been judiciously impressed with the jus
tice, magnanimity, humanity, and power of
the government, with no loss of life except
that of one Dragoon.18" This success Gaines
believed to be due to the "very great vig
ilance, care, and prudence, on the part of
the colonel and his officers, and constant at
tention, obedience, and fidelity on the part
of the non-commissioned officers and sol
diers."

GOVERNOR or THE ORIGINAL TERRITORY OF
WISCONSIN 1836-1838

FIVE years of official life as Governor now
lay before Henry Dodge who at this point
enters upon a political career of over twenty
years. These five years witness the organ
ization of Territorial governments, the ad
ministration of law for an expanding and
increasing population, the founding of
towns, cities, and permanent homes, and the
planting of the seeds of social and political
institutions for two Commonwealths. In
brief these years represent another step in
the westerning movement of American set
tlement and State-building.

The creation of the original Territory of
Wisconsin was largely the fruit of many
memorials, letters, and efforts from the
people of the lead region. As early as Feb
ruary 10, 1829, Henry Dodge had urged the
separation of this region from the Territory
of Michigan.184 The westward increase of

128

GOVERNOR OF WISCONSIN 1836-1838 129

population had quickened the eastward flow
of petitions to Congress. But jealousy be
tween Green Bay and the lead region about
Galena over the location of the capital had
prevented favorable action by Congress
until April 20, 1836, when the original Ter
ritory of Wisconsin was finally established.
Colonel Dodge while with the Dragoons
had been watching the prospective division
of Michigan Territory with much interest.
He could, indeed, flatter himself that he
stood high in the estimation of President
Jackson; he understood thoroughly the
wants of the mining district and understood
the character of the Indians upon the Mis
sissippi better than any other man. His
letters to George W. Jones express strong
hopes that the governorship of the Terri
tory likely to be created would be bestowed
upon him. "The best energies of My life",
he wrote late in 1835, "has been spent in the
Mining Country, the great Mass of the
People of that Country I believe are my
friends and the gratitude I know they feel
for my Humble services is More gratifying
to me than any Public Station that could be
Conferred on me if it is their wishes How
ever [that] I should Be their Gov. I will

130 HENRY DODGE

Honestly Serve them to the best of my Hum
ble Abilities and retire from the Army".185

Three loyal friends of Colonel Dodge -
Richard M. Johnson, Mr. Ashley, and
George W. Jones — seconded the wishes of
the people of the mining country in urging
his appointment. To the President the
military record of Colonel Dodge could well
appeal ; and so on the last day of April, 1836,
the commission of Dodge as Governor of the
original Territory of Wisconsin was is
sued.186 Two months later amid the festivi
ties of Independence Day, and in the pres
ence of former neighbors and companions in
arms, Colonel Dodge took the oath of office
at Mineral Point.

A vast domain of territory was included
within the boundaries of the area over which
Henry Dodge was called to preside. To the
east of the Mississippi River lay the present
State of Wisconsin, while to the west of it
lay the present State of Iowa and portions
of Minnesota, and of North and South Da
kota. A hardy and vigorous population
numbering over twenty thousand, from
nearly every State in the Union, had already
braved Indian dangers and founded homes.
The administration of Henry Dodge as the

GOVERNOR OF WISCONSIN 1836-1838 131

first Governor extended over a period of
five years and is the heritage of two Com
monwealths - - Iowa and Wisconsin.

By the Organic Act of the Territory gen
eral executive powers were vested in the
Governor, who was appointed for three
years at an annual salary of $1500. In legis
lative matters he possessed the power of ap
proving or vetoing bills passed by the Legis
lative Assembly. An additional salary of
$1000 was granted the Governor who was
also required to execute the duties of Super
intendent of Indian Affairs for the Terri
tory — an office for which Henry Dodge
possessed unusual qualifications from his
long military and treaty-making experiences
with the Indian tribes.

A census ordered by Governor Dodge to
be taken in July, 1836, revealed an expand
ing population. Four counties on the east
side of the Mississippi River returned a
population of 11,683 ; while the two counties
of Dubuque and Demoine on the west side
gave a population of 10,531.187 On the 9th
of September the Governor called for an
election on October 10th for members of the
Legislative Assembly and apportioned the
members of the Council and House of Eep-

132 HENRY DODGE

resentatives among the six counties.188 Of
the thirteen members of the Council and the
twenty-six Representatives, six and twelve
respectively were to be chosen from the west
side of the Mississippi River.

Indian affairs demanded Governor
Dodge's attention in August and September
of 1836. The obtainment of land cessions,
the general supervision of Indian agencies,
the task of maintaining peace between the
whites and the Indians and among the tribes
themselves were some of the duties of the
Superintendent of Indian Affairs. Similar
duties had been performed by such Superin
tendents as William Henry Harrison of In
diana Territory, William Clark of Missouri
Territory, and in Dodge's own region by
Lewis Cass of Michigan Territory.

Near Green Bay on the Fox River Gov
ernor Dodge concluded his first treaty on
September 3, 1836.189 More than four mil
lion acres of pine lands were ceded to the
United States by the Menominee nation.
This large area lay along the Wolf, the Me
nominee, the Fox, and the Wisconsin rivers
and was obtained for about ten cents an acre
payable in twenty annual installments.
Thus a great forest was opened to the lum-

GOVERNOR OF WISCONSIN 1836-1838 133

bering industry. Indian villages gave way
to lumbering camps and sawmills. The
Menominee hunters with their guns and
tomahawks were followed by lumbermen
with axes. Ox teams began to follow Indian
trails; while the sound of Indian war-
whoops became drowned in the hum of saw
mills and the sound of American axes.

Another treaty was negotiated by Gov
ernor Dodge with the Sac and Fox tribes
at Davenport on the twenty-seventh of the
same month. Twenty-four chiefs, braves,
and principal men of the Sac and Fox tribes
signed this treaty whereby they relinquished
all claim to the lands lying between the west
ern boundary of the State of Missouri and
the Missouri River. The youthful James
W. Grimes acted as secretary of this com
mission.19 In the previous January, while
with the Dragoons at Fort Leavenworth
Colonel Dodge had expressed some pro
nounced views concerning this area. "The
inhabitants residing on the Western Border
of the State of Missouri are Much opposed
to the Location of the Indians immediately
West of the State Line. I have no Hesita
tion in saying that Strip of Country should
be annexed to the State of Missouri".191

134 HENRY DODGE

In the next year Congress passed a law192
by which this region was added in 1837 to
the State in which Henry Dodge had grown
to manhood.

Another treaty of great importance to the
future of Iowa was negotiated by Governor
Dodge on the next day on the present site of
Davenport.193 This was in regard to the
famous "Keokuk Reserve", containing
256,000 acres, which had been reserved for
the Sacs and Foxes by the treaty of Sep
tember 21, 1832. Besides the regular pur
chase price of $130,000 the government as
sumed for the Indians several items of in
debtedness, making the cost of this magnifi
cent estate between seventy and seventy-five
cents per acre.

Besides the chiefs and braves at this treaty
hundreds of Sac and Fox warriors were
encamped upon the banks of the Mississippi
River. Passengers from the steamboat
" Missouri Fulton" had landed to enjoy the
dramatic features of the scene.194 Many of
ficers and Indian interpreters were present
to witness the formalities of the event.
Keokuk, the principal speaker, was recog
nized as the chief of the tribes. With his
noble countenance, dignified form, and

GOVERNOR OF WISCONSIN 1836-1838 135

highly decorated vestments he made the
council tent ring with his eloquence. Black
Hawk, dethroned and despised since his de
feat by Colonel Dodge, maintained a dumb
and dismal silence. Wapello's stoical in
difference commanded respect and made a
striking contrast to the young and talented
but dissipated Appanoose. Nan-pope, a
companion in misfortune of Black Hawk,
was not allowed to speak or even to sign the
treaty. "NaJi-pope rose, however," relates
George Catlin who witnessed the scene, "and
commenced a very earnest speech on the
subject of temperance! but Governor Dodge
ordered him to sit down, (as being out of
order), which probably saved him from a
much more peremptory command from
Kee-o-kuk, who was rising at that moment,
with looks on his face that the Devil himself
might have shrunk from."195

After the signing of the treaty Governor
Dodge urged that the Indians vacate the
cession promptly so as to make room for
inflowing settlers. This advice caused con
siderable mirth among the Indians, and their
reply indicated the immediate value of the
soil: " There are already four hundred
Chemokemons [white settlers] on the land,

136 HENRY DODGE

and several hundred more on their way
moving in; and three days before we came
away, one Chemokemon sold his wigwam
to another Chemokemon for two thousand
dollars, to build a great town."196

Political matters next claimed the atten
tion of Governor Dodge who now repaired
to Belmont in Iowa County. Here the Gov
ernor had chosen to convene the first Legis
lative Assembly on October 25, 1836. When
the legislators assembled a crude village was
observed, consisting of a frame building for
the capitol, a tavern, three lodging-houses,
two grog-shops, a printing-office, and an
unfinished stable. Criticism was directed
upon the Governor for having chosen a
capital with such miserable accommoda
tions. "The whole of the Brown delega
tion ", wrote one member, "lodged in one
room, about fifteen by twenty feet, and our
lobby friends roomed with us. Our beds
were all full, and the floor well-spread with
blankets and over-coats for lodging pur
poses."197

Other discomforts came with the cold
weather. Wood was scarce, and these
pioneer law-makers were compelled to
shiver from the raw November and Decem-

GOVERNOR OF WISCONSIN 1836-1838 137

ber air. It was difficult even to secure
enough water for toilet purposes; while
other complaints arose over the bill of fare
at the tavern. "That the Legislators of the
great Territory of Wisconsin should be
made comfortable during the discharge of
their duties", wrote an anonymous sufferer,
' ' I think necessary for the enactment of good
and substantial laws. Empty stomachs
make clear heads, but not good laws. The
Lord deliver us from a set of hungry Legis
lators."198

A brief, clear, and sensible message was
delivered in person by the Governor on the
second day of the session. The Legislative
Assembly was urged to define the jurisdic
tion and powers of the several courts of the
Territory and to divide it into judicial dis
tricts. Memorials, he said, should be sent to
Congress on the subject of preemptions and
internal improvements such as harbors,
lighthouses, and roads. The improvement
of the Rock River he considered a question
of vital importance ; while he urged that the
organization and arming of the militia was
necessary to insure the future peace of the
Territory.199

This session lasted forty-six days, during

138 HENRY DODGE

which forty-two laws were enacted upon a
variety of subjects. Three banks were in
corporated — the Miners Bank at Dubuque,
the Bank at Milwaukee, and the Bank at
Mineral Point. Many laws upon local gov
ernment were passed; the construction of
bridges and Territorial roads was author
ized; and new counties on both sides of the
river were created.

The question of locating the permanent
capital had touched a score of selfish inter
ests and had produced some stormy discus
sions in the Legislative Assembly. ' ' I deem
it proper to state", the Governor had de
clared in his message, "that my assent will
be given to its location at any point where a
majority of the representatives of the people
agree it will best promote the public good."
Peru, Cassville, Bellevue, and Burlington
presented their claims; and a strong re
monstrance came from the citizens of
Dubuque County. Charges of corruption
and bargaining were given and taken, and
even Governor Dodge did not wholly escape
from a suspicion which was subsequently
shown to be without reason. By the act of
December 3, 1836, the capital was finally
located at Madison; but until the public

GOVERNOR OF WISCONSIN 1836-1838 139

buildings at that place should be completed
the legislative sessions were to be held at
Burlington in Des Moines County.

Turning again to his duties as Superin
tendent of Indian Affairs, Governor Dodge
found much to be desired in the way of re
form. At every payment of specie annuity
at Port Winnebago the most shameful
scenes of drunkenness and murders among
the Indians were enacted. Traders and
peddlers would swarm around the Indian
village and dispense whiskey to the ignorant
savages as long as they were able to pay for
it. Joseph Montfort Street, the Indian
Agent at Rock Island, made strong efforts
to have some of the annuity money given to
the Indians in the form of Indian schools,
blacksmith shops, and farming implements.
Orders from Washington, however, made it
impossible for either Street or Governor
Dodge to promote such a reform.

In July, 1837, Governor Dodge journeyed
far to the north to Port Snelling at the head
of the Mississippi River. Messengers had
been dispatched to invite the Chippewas to
a grand council, and late in the month about
twelve hundred Chippewas and about four
hundred Sioux had assembled. This unex-

140 HENRY DODGE

pected convocation had also drawn to it a
host of traders and agents of fur companies.
By the treaty signed on July 29, 1837, the
great pine forests of the St. Croix River
were ceded to the United States. Liberal
payments were made in money, tobacco,
blacksmith shops, grain, seed, farming im
plements, and provisions. Incidentally this
council resulted in sending a Sioux delega
tion to visit Secretary of War Poinsett.200

Late in October, 1837, Governor Dodge
and the members of the Legislative Assem
bly were on their way to Burlington where
the second session was to convene on Nov
ember 6. A cotillion was given in honor of
the legislators, and Burlington outdid Bel-
mont in providing both hospitality and com
fort. Taverns and hotels were plenty, and
the " Exchange" was open at reasonable
hours where "a clean tumbler, fresh water,
and an excellent glass, courteously served
may be had". Prairie chicken, venison,
duck, goose, and fish were served from the
kitchen of "that prince of cuisines, Mon
sieur Tide. " 201

This session was held in a building which
had been constructed for the Legislative
Assembly during the previous summer ; and

GOVERNOR OF WISCONSIN 1836-1838 141

Jeremiah Smith, an enterprising member of
the House of Representatives, had spent
about $7000 in its construction. On a cold
night on December 13th, the entire structure
was totally destro}^ed by fire. A special com
mittee of the Legislative Assembly investi
gated the calamity and reported that the fire
was purely of an accidental origin.202 Both
bodies were then forced to hold their ses
sions in two small buildings on Main Street.

Governor Dodge delivered his message in
the hall of the House on the second day of the
session.203 Many of the recommendations in
his first message were repeated. The codi
fication of the Territorial laws was urged;
the disputed boundary between the Terri
tory and the State of Missouri was dis
cussed; the erection of county jails where
needed was urged; and it was pointed out
that a reapportionment of Representative
districts needed to be made. During this
session five veto messages were sent by the
Governor to the Legislative Assembly.

When the law-makers adjourned on Jan
uary 20, 1838, over one hundred laws had
been enacted upon a great variety of sub
jects. The Governor departed for his home
at Mineral Point on January 23rd, leaving

142 HENRY DODGE

a fine record at Burlington. " Governor
Dodge is the very best executive officer this
Territory could get", wrote a local editor.
" Practical sense, firmness, courage, a
knowledge of the frontier character, and of
the Indian character — are indispensible for
such an officer ; and these he possesses in an
eminent degree."204

Business in the Indian and the executive
departments engaged Governor Dodge for
the next five months. He believed that so far
his administration had met the approval of
the great mass of the people. Henry Dodge
was now in his fifty-fifth year, and no doubt
the pressure and worry of his office some
times brought on a desire for retirement.
Writing to George W. Jones on February
19, 1837, he said: "I have Had Offices
Enough to Satisfy one man and from my
present feelings on that Subject I think I
will never be a candidate for Any Public
Office after I retire from my present Sta
tion".205

Meanwhile everybody was expecting that
a separate Territory would be created wrest
of the Mississippi River. Petitions and
memorials had been sent to Washington,
Territorial newspapers had discussed it, and

GOVERNOR OF WISCONSIN 1836-1838 143

the matter had come up in the Legislative
Assembly. In Congress it appears that
Delegate George W. Jones had been working
for such a measure and had cited the enor
mous increase of the population as a potent
argument. As early as May 25, 1838, Gov
ernor Dodge had written a letter to Presi
dent Van Buren in which he urged that
George W. Jones be appointed Governor of
the Territory if it were to be created.206

An extra session of the Legislative Assem
bly convened at Burlington on June 11, 1838,
to pass a law to reapportion the representa
tion in the lower branch of that body. Dur
ing the session of fifteen days thirty acts
were passed. On the 13th of June the Gov
ernor wrote to Delegate Jones at Washing
ton that "there is great Political calculation
making here among the great Men who are
waiting impatiently to hear the result of the
Division of the Territory".207 On the day
before, however, President Van Buren had
signed the act whereby was to be created on
July 4, 1838, the Territory of Iowa.

The first two years of the administration
of Henry Dodge represent the connecting
link between Iowa and the Old Northwest.
During this time the aegis of the Ordinance

144 HENRY DODGE

of 1787 extended over the Iowa country,
bringing with it a mass of precedents, con
ventions, and traditions, which for many
years had found sway in the Territories of
the Northwest under such Governors as St.
Clair, Harrison, Cass, and Mason.

Finally, from these two years there
emerge the beginnings of local government
and administration. Township and county
officers are appointed and their duties and
powers prescribed ; townships, counties, and
other units of administration are created;
and the judicial system is inaugurated and
improved. Henry Dodge's use of the ex
ecutive power conduced toward harmony in
administration, restraint upon unwise legis
lation, and a check upon the tendency to
ward speculation and extravagance. From
a retrospect of over seventy years, therefore,
this biennium presents an administration
that was honest, efficient, and faithful.

XI

GOVERNOR OF WISCONSIN TERRITORY

1838-1841

HENRY DODGE'S governorship of the Terri
tory of Wisconsin covers a period of nearly
three years, during which the population of
the Territory increased from about eighteen
thousand in 1838 to over thirty thousand in
1840. It is a continuation of his successful
administration of the same office in the
original Territory of Wisconsin: the man
agement of Indian affairs continues as one
of his principal problems ; the growing vig
orous Territory presses its demands for in
ternal improvements; the germs of State
hood are planted; and the Governor wit
nesses the rise of the political party system
in Wisconsin.

The Governor's first message208 was a
legislative chart to guide the progress of the
thirty-nine law-makers who assembled at
Madison on November 26, 1838. At the out
set the Governor asserted that the division

10 145

146 HENRY DODGE

of the Territory had been a wise step. He
urged a memorial to Congress requesting a
law which would allow biennial instead of
quadrennial elections for members of the
Council and annual instead of biennial terms
for the Representatives. This would be in
accordance with the tenures provided in the
Organic Act for the Territory of Iowa.
, Attention was also called to the question
of Statehood. The population and the
natural resources of the Territory indicated
that "the time is not distant when she
will form a strong link in the chain of States
in the great valley of the Mississippi. " Then
he urged the enactment of a law that would
provide a tax on the lands of non-residents.
Such a law would be permitted by Congress,
and the proceeds could be applied for the
benefit of the common schools. "Its happy
influence over the morals of our citizens
would promote the cause of Religion and
Virtue, and cement more closely the bonds
of our political union, and be the means of
preparing the rising generation to partici
pate in the councils of our common country,
as well as to enjoy and defend our free insti
tutions from the polluting touch of aris
tocracy and despotism."

GOVERNOR OF WISCONSIN 1838-1841 147

The law-makers were advised to investi
gate those banks which had violated the pro
visions of their charters. It was urged also
that a committee be appointed to revise the
Territorial laws and to render them more
intelligible and accessible to the people ; and
finally it was urged that three judicial dis
tricts be created by the Legislative Assem-
bly.

A large number of memorials to Congress
were suggested. For example, that body
should be asked to appropriate $250,000 for
harbors and lighthouses on Lake Michigan.
Population would be increased, the shipping
trade would grow, and the public lands
would be much enhanced in price. Special
stress was laid upon the importance of a
good harbor at Milwaukee. Another memo
rial should request that 150,000 acres of land
be exposed to sale, and that the proceeds
therefrom be used in improving the Fox
River of Green Bay and the Rock and the
Pecatonica rivers. Such improvements
would shorten the route of transportation
(which was then by way of New Orleans)
by providing an eastern outlet for the lead,
peltries, and lumber of the Territory.

The Governor thought that Congress

148 HENRY DODGE

should also be asked to grant $10,000 to be
used in removing the obstructions to naviga
tion on the Mississippi River. For steam
boats to pass the rapids of that river it re
quired the unloading of their cargoes, and
the time and money thus spent in lightening
the boats was estimated to be fifteen per cent
of the cargo. The State of Illinois and the
Territory of Iowa shared the interest of
Wisconsin Territory in this needed im
provement.

From his message of 1836 the Governor
quoted his views in regard to the necessity of
securing preemption rights for the lead
miners, whose interests he was ever ready to
promote. Another memorial should request
the extinguishment of the title of the
Menominees to that land bordering on the
Fox River from the mouth of the Wolf
River to the Portage of the Fox and Wis
consin rivers.

An unfinished capitol edifice greeted the
members of the Second Legislative Assem
bly as they convened for their first session at
Madison. For several days they met in the
basement of the old American House, where
Governor Dodge delivered his first message
on the second day of the session. This was

GOVERNOR OF WISCONSIN 1838-1841 149

then the only public house in Madison, and
it served as the political headquarters.

At last the Legislative Assembly moved
into the new Assembly Hall. The floor had
been laid with green oak boards, full of ice,
while the seats were constructed of the same
material. Desks were made of rough boards.
The one fireplace and the one small stove
were not sufficient to keep the ink from
freezing and the legislators from shivering
with the cold. The green boards near the
stove and fireplace shrunk, leaving large
cracks between. "The basement story was
all open, ' ' declares a member of this pioneer
Assembly, "and James Morrison's large
drove of hogs had taken possession. . . .
We had a great many smart members in the
House, and sometimes they spoke from
Buncombe. When members of this ilk
would become too tedious, I would take a
long pole, go at the hogs, and stir them up ;
when they would raise a young pande
monium for noise and confusion. The
speaker's voice would become completely
drowned, and he would be compelled to stop,
not, however, without giving his squealing
disturbers a sample of his swearing abil
ity."209

150 HENRY DODGE

Very meager appropriations were made
by Congress for the Territory for the year
1839 ; and so the second session of the Legis
lative Assembly in January, 1839, devoted
itself largely to the unfinished business of
the former session. By a Congressional act
of March 3, 1839, the veto power of the
Governor had been modified to a qualified
veto, it being provided that bills might be
come laws if passed by a majority of two-
thirds after having been returned by the
Governor without his signature.

Indian affairs became an important pub
lic question during this session. The Win-
nebago tribe, by the treaty of November,
1837, had agreed to vacate their ceded lands
in eight months. Their depredations and
threatening attitude stimulated a corres
pondence between the War Department and
Governor Dodge who requested four com
panies of Dragoons and one thousand stands
of arms. " Unless the Government takes
the proper steps to effect their removal early
in the spring," said the Governor, "I will
assume the responsibility of raising a mount
ed volunteer corps of riflemen, (and head
them in person) sufficient to effect their re
moval from this territory."210

GOVERNOR OF WISCONSIN 1838-1841 151

This bellicose declaration brought forth a
letter from the Secretary of War who ex
plained that the tardiness in the removal of
the Winnebagoes was due to the risk and
inconvenience that would result to the In
dians in removing them at an improper
season. Furthermore, the Indians felt a
great reluctance to migrate to the neutral
strip then occupied by hostile bands of the
Sioux and Fox tribes. The Secretary an
nounced that an exploring party would be
sent in the spring to choose more suitable
ground for them, and closed his letter with
the hope that Governor Dodge would impose
no obstacles in the way of the execution of
the department's policies.211

A long list of duties fell to Henry Dodge
as Superintendent of Indian Affairs.212 He
was the general receiver of funds within his
superintendency. He was to require the
presence of an Agent or sub-agent at the
superintendency and through him convey
the funds to the various agencies. Each
Agent was required to make a quarterly re
port to the Superintendent, before the pay
ment of his salary, of receipts and expendi
tures, and of the goods, stock, provisions,
and husbandry at the agency.

152 HENRY DODGE

Generally speaking the Governor was the
medium of communication between the
agencies and the Indian Bureau at Wash
ington. Memorials were forwarded by him
to Washington. He secured the execution
of the bonds of the various Agents. The
task of erecting buildings was sometimes
delegated to the Agent. The Governor gave
advice as to expenditures for the erection of
buildings and the purchase of new agency
sites. He could make application for treat
ies. Complaints from the whites were heard
by him; and he inquired into the claims of
fur companies, traders, and interpreters
who were always present at the payment of
the annuities.

Dodge's report of October 18, 1839,213 to
the Commissioner of Indian Affairs de
scribes the various tribes in the Territory
for that year. About two-fifths of the Win-
nebagos were residing within thirty miles
of Fort Winnebago and were showing a de
sire not to remove from their ceded lands
and to refuse to obey their treaty obligations.
Compulsory measures, urged Dodge, will be
necessary to remove them. The baneful ef
fects of the sale of liquor to them at the
Portage and at Prairie du Chien was men-

GOVERNOR OF WISCONSIN 1838-1841 153

tioned, and Dodge quoted the following from
Sub- Agent David Lowry's report: "The
Indian can only be redeemed from his pres
ent degraded state by the protecting policy
of the government removing him where in
tercourse with the white man can be pro
hibited, and establishing schools and farms
among them, under the supervision of com
petent agents."

The Chippewas on the sources of the Mis
sissippi, explained the report, wrould likely
retain their warlike and wandering habits.
The removal of the Menominees from Green
Bay to the west of the Mississippi River was
advised. The tribe was scattered over a
wide expanse of territory, living by hunting
and fowling, and derived but little benefit
from annuities or the schools and farms es
tablished for them. Other tribes were the
Oneidas, Munsees, and the Stockbridges at
tached to the Green Bay agency. These
Indians were few in number, civilized, and
desirous of obtaining the rights of citizen
ship. It was advised that they be removed
to the Missouri to free them from the evil in
fluences of the whites.

Until the year 1839 the Territory had en
joyed freedom from the turmoils of partisan

154 HENKY DODGE

politics, but by June of that year both the
Whig and the Democratic parties were gird
ing themselves for the approaching election
of Delegate to Congress. Delegates were
chosen, nominating conventions held, reso
lutions were adopted, committees were ap
pointed to prepare and issue addresses, and
corresponding committees were provided for
in each county.

Byron Killbourn had been nominated for
Delegate by the Democrats, while the Whigs
placed in the field the brilliant and scholarly
Judge James Duane Doty — a man destined
to become a worthy political opponent of
Governor Dodge. On June 29th there was
announced the independent candidacy of
Thomas P. Burnett, which was intended and
regarded as a rebuke to the rise of partisan
methods and candidates. After a brief but
spirited contest, in which fourteen counties
participated, Judge Doty was elected over
Killbourn by a large majority.214

Governor Dodge's message215 was de
livered on December 3, 1839. " It is the hap
piness of the Chief Magistrate of this Ter
ritory, at the present time", wrote the
Madison Express, "that his path is unem
barrassed by parti/ lines."21* The question

GOVERNOR OF WISCONSIN 1838-1841 155

of Statehood was again emphasized. A
memorial should be sent to Congress asking
for $30,000 for an appropriation for the
Penitentiary. Attention was also directed
to the currency which had been largely
drained of specie by the land sales; and
formal recommendations were made relative
to memorials for additional Congressional
appropriations.

Rigid investigation of the bank at Mineral
Point was urged. The exclusive powers of
banks have been derived from the people,
declared the Governor, and such institutions
are consequently proper subjects of legisla
tive control. Banks when properly man
aged he regarded as beneficial to both the
individual and to the community. "It must
be admitted, however, that monied associa
tions are not republican in their tendency,
and when used for purposes of specula
tion, have a withering influence on the best
interests of the great mass of the com
munity. Monopolies of every kind should
be put down, and all corporations strictly
confined to the privileges plainly set down
in their charters."

Sixty laws were enacted at this session of
the Legislative Assembly. On the llth of

156 HENRY DODGE

January, 1840, was enacted a law providing
for the census. The Governor was author
ized to contract with the Marshal of the Ter
ritory, at a sum not to exceed $600 to furnish
to the Governor a transcript of the census
of the Territory as taken by him for the
sixth census authorized by Congress.
Twenty-two counties showed a population of
30,747.

An extra session of the Second Legislative
Assembly was convened at Madison on
August 3, 1840. Governor Dodge's message
was confined to the recommendation that a
reapportionment of Representative districts
be made. Twelve other acts were passed at
this brief session which lasted but twelve
days.

When the first session of the Third Legis
lative Assembly assembled in December,
Governor Dodge again referred to the ques
tion of Statehood and urged that action be
taken upon that subject. A memorial to
Congress should request annual and biennial
elections to the Legislative Assembly ; while
another petition should request a law allow
ing popular election of all county officers.
Governor Dodge believed the people of the
Territory fully competent for self -govern-

GOVERNOR OF WISCONSIN 1838-1841 157

ment, and pointed to the beneficial results
of such provisions in the neighboring Ter
ritory of Iowa.

Partisan politics grew in bitterness as the
Territory became engulfed in the noisy
demonstrations of the log-cabin and the
hard-cider campaign of 1840. Charge after
charge was made by the Whigs against all
Democratic office-holders from the Presi
dent down to the Marshal of the Territory.
On March 9, 1839, Henry Dodge had been
appointed to the office of Governor for the
term of three years, and a majority of the
people hoped for a continuance of his honest
and efficient administration. The theatrical
campaign of 1840 had, however, resulted in
the election of a Whig President ; and so in
March or April of the next year Governor
Dodge was supplanted by James Duane
Doty, the leader of the Whig forces in the
Territory of Wisconsin.217

XII

DELEGATE FROM THE TERRITORY or
WISCONSIN

PRESIDENT Tyler's appointment of Doty re
sulted in transferring to Congress for four
years the services of Henry Dodge as Dele
gate from the Territory of Wisconsin. His
unanimous nomination for the office by the
Democrats in July, 1841, was followed by a
brisk campaign against Jonathan E. Arnold,
the Whig nominee. The election took place
on the 27th of September, and the results
from the seventeen counties gave him a ma
jority in all but four counties. His total
vote was 3,435 — a majority of 507 over the
Whig candidate.218

It was a tall, dignified, and erect figure
that stepped up with a military bearing to
take the oath of office in the House of Rep
resentatives, when on December 7, 1841, ex-
Governor John Reynolds presented the cre
dentials of Henry Dodge.219 His admission
to the House now gave three Territorial

158

DELEGATE TO CONGRESS 159

Delegates to that body. Augustus Caesar
Dodge having entered Congress in the pre
vious December as Delegate from the Ter
ritory of Iowa was there to welcome his
father to congressional life. The Territory
of Florida was represented by Delegate
David Levy.

By the Organic Act of the Territory of
Wisconsin the term of office of Henry Dodge
was two years. As Delegate he was given a
salary of $8 per day with $8 for every twen
ty miles traveled in going to and from
Washington. He enjoyed all the privileges
of a Representative, except that he was
neither allowed to vote nor given member
ship on the committees. He was the sole
representative at Washington to present and
push claims from the Territory and to take
care of the great mass of memorials and pe
titions which were continually being sent to
him from the Legislative Assembly, from
towns, and from citizens.

An important duty and a never-ending
task of Delegate Henry Dodge was the pre
sentation of petitions and memorials. The
petitions of January 6, 1842, are illustrative
of this fact: four petitions asked for mail
routes; eight more requested harbors; ap-

160 HENRY DODGE

propriations for roads were asked; money
was desired for roads and for the improve
ment of the rivers in Wisconsin ; petitions in
behalf of settlers on canal lands were pre
sented; the miners of the Territory asked
for concessions and another memorial re
lated to the subject of school lands.220

Ever mindful of the growth and pros
perity of his Territory he labored faithfully
in securing legislation favorable for the
settler and the miner whose interests always
struck a responsive chord in Henry Dodge.
When on July 14, 1842, an amendment was
introduced which proposed to reduce the
duty on lead from three cents to two and
one-half cents per pound, he rose to the de
fense of the interests of the miners of Wis
consin Territory.221 The output of the Mis
sissippi lead-mines in 1841, urged Dodge,
amounted to the immense sum of twenty
millions of pounds. Although a Democrat,
and not a friend of protective or high duties,
Mr. Dodge did not believe that sound policy
would demand a low duty on lead: the tax
would be but little felt on account of the
limited use of the article ; the mines were yet
in their infancy and needed the fostering
hand of the government to develop and sus-

DELEGATE TO CONGRESS 161

tain them ; and, finally, it was urged that lead
was an important ingredient of war and its
sufficient production would render the
Nation independent of other sources.

Justice, sheer justice, urged the Delegate,
demanded from the national legislators that
they should place their protecting arms
around and beneath those hardy and enter
prising men. By their perseverance and
industry they had enriched the national
treasury by developing the mineral wealth
of Wisconsin Territory. But for these men
the country would be a savage waste and
they had not only replenished the treasury
by the sweat of their brow, but they had also
shed their blood to protect the country to
which the government had invited them.

Immense benefits would accrue to the gov
ernment; an interior commerce would be
created; the value of the public domain
would be increased ; and rapid settlement and
increased wealth would result. Augustus
Caesar Dodge then followed his father in
defense of the higher duty, and William C.
Johnson of Maryland warmly indorsed the
arguments of the Wisconsin Delegate. The
vote on the amendment was then taken and
the duty was left at three cents.

11

162 HENRY DODGE

Five days later Henry Dodge made a
strong plea for his bill (introduced on June
29, 1842) which made appropriations for the
construction of harbors on Lake Michigan
in the Wisconsin Territory.222 These were
to be located at Milwaukee, Eacine, and
Southport; and the expenditures for these
improvements, estimated Dodge, would be
$171,118. For six years memorials had been
sent from the Territory urging the improve
ments; but the incessant calls for aid had
only resulted in obtaining surveys at these
points.

"More than four hundred miles of coast,"
he said, "extending from Chicago to Green
Bay, on the western shore of Lake Michigan,
are destitute of a harbor or a shelter, where
safety can be found for vessels from the
storms and high winds and dangerous surf
which characterize that lake from the other
great lakes of the Northwest. The entire
length of the coast of Lake Michigan is
about nine-hundred and eighty miles; and
the contemplated harbors will afford pro
tection, in all violent storms, to vessels trad
ing to its eastern as well as its western
shore."

A statement was then submitted showing

DELEGATE TO CONGRESS 163

the great loss of life and property which had
resulted from the unprotected condition of
Lake Michigan. Aside from the protection
of commerce he regarded such harbors as
national works from their usefulness in time
of war ; millions of acres remained unsold in
Wisconsin Territory; and the erection of
harbors would tend to increase the naviga
tion to the Territory, enhance the value of
the public lands, and increase the sales.

He pointed out that "to insure the growth
of the Territory, and to produce the devel
opment of her natural advantages and great
resources, it would be necessary to erect her
harbors, improve her rivers, and assist her
to open a few important roads ; and, in aid
ing in thus bringing into successful opera
tion her many advantages, the Government
can not fail to advance its own best inter
ests."

A bitter controversy in which the Legis
lative Assembly and Delegate Dodge were
arrayed against Governor Doty became an
unpleasant feature of this period.223 It will
be recalled that in 1836 and in 1838 Congress
had appropriated $40,000 for the erection of
public buildings for the Territory. To
James D. Doty, as treasurer of the board of

164 HENRY DODGE

commissioners, this sum was entrusted. He
refused, however, to render any account to
the Legislative Assembly, claiming that he
was accountable only to the Treasury of the
United States, that he had settled with the
officials of the Treasury Department and
that he had deposited there the unexpended
balance of $1758.28.

Delegate Henry Dodge on May 14, 1842,
moved a resolution 224 in the House whereby
the Secretary of the Treasury was requested
to submit all the papers connected with Do
ty 's statement in regard to the expenditure
of the $40,000. It was time, thought Dodge,
that all the facts in relation to this matter
should be elicited. Fraud and corruption
having been charged against Doty, it was
due to the Governor, to his standing, and to
the relation he held with the General Gov
ernment that he should appear with clean
hands.

Dodge declared that the people and the
Legislative Assembly of the Territory did
not agree with Doty in his view that he was
not accountable to them. "It is believed by
them, sir," he said, "that the Congress of
the United States appropriated the money
for the Territory, expressly to enable it to

DELEGATE TO CONGRESS 165

erect its public buildings, and placed its dis
position solely under the Legislature of the
Territory. The denial on the part of Gov
ernor Doty to recognize the authority of the
Legislature, and his refusal to obey the laws
which they have passed, and to pay over the
money to the Territory which, it is believed,
he holds, to those who have been appointed
by the proper authority to receive it, render
the call for information on the Secretary of
the Treasury necessary."

After a bitter arraignment of Governor
Doty by Representative William Medill of
Ohio, Mr. Dodge's resolution was adopted.
"You will perceive", writes Henry Dodge a
month later, "from the Documents I have
inclosed You lately that I have been Nailing
Doty[.~\ You will See from My remarks in
the House that I treated his Excy with
great Courtesy at the same time. I had to
notice his letter and the Abuse he Heaped on
the Legislative Assembly as well as his Whig
Friends by doing Justice to the Character
and Standing of the Members of the Legis
lature, as well as to the Whigs who had as
sembled at Milwaukee and Belmont to ex
press their opinion in relation to the integ
rity and Honesty of their Govt[.} Nothing

166 HENRY DODGE

saves him but the influence Webster has
with Tyler .... the truth is I sincerely be
lieve that Webster Tal[l]ma[d]ge and
Tyler are the Only Men who do Not believe
that Doty should be removed immediately
from Office [.] I shall Keep a good Look
Out while I am here and will make D y.
a heavy weight for Tyler to Carry before I
am done with him".225

The Committee on Territories, to which
was referred the information requested from
the Secretary of the Treasury, reported on
July 4, 1842. The committee, concurring in
Dodge's opinion, regarded that Doty was
bound to settle with the legislative authori
ties of the Territory. The refunding of the
balance of $1758.28 to the United States
Treasury they could only attribute "to some
error of judgment or misconception."226

Governor Doty had charted out a stormy
course for himself. When the Fourth
Legislative Assembly convened on Decem
ber 5, 1842, the Governor declared that
the session was unauthorized by law,
unprovided for by any Congressional ap
propriations, and illegal. He had, there
fore, no communication to make to them.
The warfare between the Governor and the

DELEGATE TO CONGRESS 167

Legislative Assembly now reached its most
acute stage. A memorial was prepared by
that body which was sent to President Tyler :
it was set forth that the Governor had re
fused his cooperation; he had suspended
legislative functions and was attempting to
concentrate all power in the executive office.
His Excellency John Tyler was, therefore,
requested to remove James D. Doty from the
office of Governor of the Territory of Wis
consin, i

Moses M. Strong, the President of the
Council, also took up arms against this sea
of troubles by addressing, on December 12,
1842, a seven-page letter to Delegate Henry
Dodge. The contest between the legislature
and Doty was explained. His " anarchical
position" should be cause enough for his
removal ; and so Mr. Strong begged the Dele
gate to present all the facts to the President
and urge his removal from office.227

Delegate Dodge complied with Mr.
Strong's request. In his official letter of
February 14, 1843, he requested the removal
of Doty from office and assigned numerous
reasons for the request. He had violated the
laws of the United States and of the Terri
tory by refusing to cooperate with the Legis-

168 HENRY DODGE

lative Assembly ; his career on the board of
commissioners for the erection of the public
buildings was held up to reproach; he had
procured, contrary to law, the appointment
of his son, a minor, to lucrative offices ; non-
partisan petitions from Wisconsin Terri
tory had urged his removal; and the Dele
gate closed by saying "that the history of
the present Governor of this Territory is a
history of repeated injuries and usur
pations, all having in direct object the estab
lishment of an absolute tyranny over the
people of Wisconsin."

In telling the story of this historic contro
versy Moses M. Strong tersely concludes
with these words : ' ' The Governor was not re
moved by the President."228

During Henry Dodge's two terms as Dele
gate not a great deal was accomplished to
ward the obtainment of congressional appro
priations for fostering and promoting pub
lic improvements within the Territory of
Wisconsin. Indeed, little was secured for
the Territory beyond the regular contingent
expenses ; so that his efforts do not measure
up in their results with those of his son,
Augustus Caesar Dodge, in obtaining ap
propriations for the Territory of Iowa.

DELEGATE TO CONGRESS 169

Neither the discordant factions in Wis
consin nor the quarrel between the Governor
and the Legislative Assembly were con
ducive to arousing in Congress a liberal atti
tude toward the young Territory of Wiscon
sin. Writing to George W. Jones on June
14, 1842, Henry Dodge said;— " You have
Never Seen Such a Body of Men Convened
as the present Members of the House of
Representatives. Bitter and Vindictive as
they Can be Towards Each other & but
Little of that Courtesy Necessary in Legis
lative Bodies, the Whigs are divided and
Cut to pieces Among themselves Many of
them exceedingly hostile to Tyler and to tell
you my Opinion their Appears to be with
the Heads of the Departments a great de
ficiency of Practical Knowledge to enable
them to administer the Govt[.] I have been
for Six Months using all the Means in My
power to get the Money Appropriated last
March a year Ago Sent to the Territory".229

The largest appropriation secured by
Henry Dodge for public improvements was
the sum of $10,000, granted by the act of
March 3, 1845. Of this sum $3000 was to be
expended for the construction of a road
from Sheboygan to the Fox River; $2000

170 HENRY DODGE

for the repair of a road from Fort Howard
to Fond du Lac ; and the balance was to be
used in improving the road from Southport
to Beloit.230

A proposition to disband the second regi
ment of Dragoons, which was under con
sideration in the House on March 26, 1844,
stimulated an intelligent protest from their
former Colonel.231 He warmly contended
for the protection and defense of the
frontier and caused several letters to be read
by the Clerk in which were set forth the
dangers to which the residents of the frontier
were exposed. The remounting of this regi
ment he deemed but justice to the western
people on whose borders the government had
placed so many warlike Indian tribes. He
enumerated the western forts and the troops
employed in their defense, and showed the
inefficiency of the force there employed.

This speech elicited an explanation from
John Quincy Adams, the mover of the
amendment, who declared that he had no dis
position to strike a blow at the regiment of
Dragoons. His purpose had been merely to
test the question of increase or decrease of
appropriations. In view of Dodge's speech
Adams then withdrew his amendment.

DELEGATE TO CONGRESS 171

One of Delegate Henry Dodge's last ef
forts in the House was his unsuccessful at
tempt on February 21, 1845, to dissuade
Congress from reducing the appropriation
for the legislative expenses of his Terri
tory.232 The Committee on Ways and Means
had reported $3529 less than the estimated
amount made by the Governor and the Sec
retary of the Treasury. Why this differ
ence, inquired the Delegate. The population
of the Territory is increasing and the neces
sity of legislation will increase in proportion
to its numbers. Millions of dollars had been
paid into the treasury by his constituents for
public lands. If the state of the treasury is
such that it is necessary to retrench in the
legislative expenditures of the Territory of
Wisconsin, let the pruning-knif e be applied
to the salaries of the Governor, Secretary,
and Judges. Eeduce the per diem or the
mileage of the Delegate to Congress from
that Territory ; but do not deprive the people
of the means of making laws for their gov
ernment.

XIII

GOVERNOR OF WISCONSIN TERRITORY

1845-1848

HENRY DODGE was a beneficiary as well as
a victim of the surging democracy which
characterized the decades from 1830 to 1850.
Political removals and appointments more
than kept pace with the changes in political
complexion at Washington; and the Terri
tories sometimes gained and sometimes lost
in administrative efficiency from these in
termittent changes. Since his removal
from the Governorship in 1841 Henry Dodge
had been gaining legislative and political ex
perience in Congress, but the election of
President Polk in 1844 insured the reap-
pointment of a Democratic Governor for the
Territory of Wisconsin. Accordingly, in
May, 1845, Henry Dodge resumed the duties
of the office from which he had been removed
four years before.233

President Polk's diary is an interesting
though unintentional comment upon the

172

GOVERNOR OF WISCONSIN 1845-1848 173

partisanship that marked executive appoint
ments for the Territories for these two
decades.234 Ex-Governor Tallmadge on
October 14, 1845, held an extended confer
ence with President Polk over his removal
from the office of Governor. ' ' Gov. Dodge ' ',
runs Polk's record of the interview in which
the reasons for the change had been dis
cussed, "was a Pioneer of the West and an
old Indian fighter, a man of high character
. . . . wTho had been removed from the
office of Governor by the late administration
and Mr. Dotey appointed on political
grounds solely ; that from the papers before
him, including the recommendation of the
Legislative Assembly, it appeared to be the
popular sentiment of the Democracy in Wis
consin that justice should be done him by re
storing him to the office from which he had
been removed without cause."

The President insisted that he had not
acted with any feeling of hostility in re
moving Tallmadge and restoring Dodge.
"He said also", continues the Polk diary,
"that the people of the Territories had made
serious objections to the practice of appoint
ing persons from the states to offices within
their boundaries, and that he had said to the

174 HENRY DODGE

Delegates in Congress that lie would not do
so, but would when he could find proper men,
appoint citizens of the Territories to the
offices within their limits. . . . The
President stated that Gov. Dodge had him
self acted modestly in the matter ; that he de
sired to be restored, but had said nothing to
him to the disparagement of Gov. Tall-
madge."

Early in May of 1845 Henry Dodge had
returned from Washington to his home near
Mineral Point. On the 5th of the next June
a public dinner was tendered him by his
neighbors, friends, and former battle-mates
without distinction of party. The Mineral
Point Dragoons under Captain John F.
OTSTeill escorted their prominent fellow-
townsman from his residence to the town of
Mineral Point. Bands, toasts, processions,
and a speech by Moses M. Strong marked
the occasion, and the festivities of the day
were concluded by a merry ball at the court
house in the evening.235 Henry Dodge was
still one of the common people and such a
reception was regarded as a happy omen for
a harmonious administration of the govern
ment of the Territory.

When the Fourth Legislative Assembly

GOVERNOR OF WISCONSIN 1845-1848 175

of the Territory convened at Madison on
January 5, 1846, Governor Dodge recog
nized several co-workers of his former ad
ministration. Among the twenty-six Repre
sentatives he saw Thomas Cruson; while
among the thirteen members of the Council
he remembered Nelson Dewey, John H.
Roundtree, and Edward V. Whiton.236

On the second day the Governor appeared
before the two chambers assembled in the
House of Representatives and delivered his
annual message.237 At the outset he urged a
revision of the then existing laws relating
to the common schools, which he regarded as
fundamental to the elective franchise and
to the permanency of representative govern
ment. The Territorial debt should be
promptly paid, which would give standing
to the credit of the Territory. The lack of
a penitentiary was also pointed out. The
Territory wras forced to confine its criminals
in county jails at an expense which would
almost build a penitentiary. The reforma
tion of criminals, he argued, is not possible
in the county jails; and so the Legislative
Assembly was urged to memorialize Con
gress upon the subject of a penitentiary for
the Territory.

176 HENRY DODGE

Another memorial, he urged, should be ad
dressed to Congress upon the subject of the
lead and other mineral lands in the Terri
tory. The system of leasing to tenants by
the government he regarded as fruitful of
litigation, expensive and harassing to the
people of the Territory, and unprofitable to
the government itself. The system made the
tenants dependent upon the agents of the
government while the rent operated as a di
rect tax or tribute upon labor. A system of
sales with preemption rights would seem to
be a better policy.

Congress should also be urged to grant
additional appropriations and other im
provements to navigation. Upon the four
hundred miles of coast line of Lake Michi
gan commerce had grown enormously.
More harbors upon this coast would serve as
a war protection for the landing of troops.
The removal of obstructions in the Missis
sippi River would be beneficial to Iowa and
Illinois as well as to the Territory of Wis
consin. The construction of a water route
between the Fox and the Wisconsin rivers
at the Portage would be a national improve
ment and would increase both trade and
population. The improvement of the navi-

GOVERNOR OF WISCONSIN 1845-1848 177

gation of Rock River would also be of large
importance to the Territory.

Military matters also were discussed in
the message. The Territory was entitled to
six hundred stands of arms and equipments
from the government ; and the militia should
be organized, officered, mustered, and their
arms annually inspected. The law-makers
were also urged to memorialize the Secre
tary of War to send a company of Dragoons
to either Fort Crawford or to Fort Winne-
bago to insure the peace and quiet of the
Winnebago Indians.

This session of the Assembly was quite
prolific in legislation. New counties were
created, and township government was fur
ther inaugurated. Judicial districts were
established ; many towns were created ; Mil
waukee was incorporated as a city; and
Beloit College was incorporated by a special
act. Territorial roads were authorized by
special laws and the construction of dams
was ordered. Laws upon divorce were en
acted; and many memorials were sent to
Congress. Moreover, numerous nomina
tions to office were made by Governor Dodge,
which with but one exception were confirmed
by the Council without a division.238

12

178 HENRY DODGE

Perhaps the most important law signed
by Governor Dodge during this session was
the bill which provided for the submission
to the people of the question of the forma
tion of a State government. The vote upon
the question was to be taken upon the first
Tuesday in April ; and in case of a favorable
vote the Governor was directed to make an
apportionment among the several counties
of delegates to form a State Constitution.
The Governor was further directed to issue
a proclamation declaring the apportion
ment. The election of delegates by the
people was set for the first Monday of Sep
tember. The delegates were then to meet at
Madison on the first Monday of October to
form a republican constitution, which should
be submitted to the people for ratification
or rejection in such manner and at such a
time as the convention should prescribe.239

The April elections showed by a vote of
six to one that the people were in favor of a
State government and every county except
Grant gave a favorable vote. On August
1st Governor Dodge issued a procla
mation which apportioned one delegate for
every thirteen hundred inhabitants. No
delegate from Chippewa County was elected.

GOVERNOR OF WISCONSIN 1845-1848 179

On October 5, 1846, ninety-five of the one
hundred and twenty-four delegates elected
assembled at Madison where they drew up a
Constitution and adjourned on December
16, 1846. The Constitution was to be voted
upon on the first Tuesday of April in the
following year.240

When the first session of the Fifth Legis
lative Assembly convened Governor Dodge
(on January 5, 1847) discussed in his mes
sage241 the probability of Statehood and enu
merated some of the benefits to flow there
from. Five hundred thousand acres would
be granted to the State by the Congressional
act of September 4, 1841 ; 242 and the State
would also receive five per cent of the net
proceeds of the sales of the public lands.
Other lands would be granted for school pur
poses and for a university. Furthermore,
instead of a single Delegate, the State would
be represented at Washington by three Rep
resentatives and two Senators.

His Excellency also urged that a joint
committee of the Legislative Assembly be
appointed to ascertain the amount of indebt
edness of the Territory, since this would
probably be the last session of the Terri
torial legislature. Memorials to Congress

180 HENRY DODGE

for appropriations for harbors at Mil
waukee, Racine, and Southport were recom
mended. The reorganization of the militia
and its officers was again advised as a mili
tary precaution against Indian disturb
ances. And in this connection the Governor
stated that, in the previous May, Secretary
of War Marcy had requested him to raise a
regiment of volunteer infantry. But the
withdrawal of the regular troops from Port
Crawford having induced the citizens to be
lieve that the volunteers should take the
place of the regulars at Port Crawford, the
county of Crawford responded with a com
pany of men which had accordingly been ac
cepted for duty at that fort.

At this session of the Legislative Assembly
the incorporation of railroads occupied
much of the time of the law-makers. A
number of laws were passed authorizing the
construction of dams. Laws were also en
acted to regulate the liquor traffic. A large
amount of legislation related to the creation
of new counties, the organization of others
previously created, the incorporation of
seminaries and new towns, and the estab
lishment of county seats. A large number of
memorials were also sent to Congress.243

GOVERNOR OF WISCONSIN 1845-1848 181

Meanwhile war had been declared upon
the Constitution which was to be voted upon
in April. Before its adoption by the Con
vention it had been attacked, and in both the
Council and the House of Representatives
arguments against it had been sounded.
Moreover, newspapers and public speakers
expressed their protests against it without
reservation. The campaign was something
of a repetition of the one which had taken
place in the Territory of Iowa, except that in
Wisconsin party lines were not strictly
drawn.

Many Whigs objected to the restrictions
upon banking and bank circulation. The
provisions on the rights of married women
and exemption from forced sale were the
object of vigorous attacks. The numerous-
ness of the legislature was also declared to
be objectionable; and the provision for an
elective judiciary was criticised. The advo
cates of the instrument were diligent in
meeting these objections and in pointing out
its excellencies and its really progressive
features.

By the decisive vote of 20,231 to 14,119
the Constitution went down to defeat at the
April elections. Governor Dodge, on Sep-

182 HENRY DODGE

tember 27, 1847, issued a proclamation con
vening the Legislative Assembly in extra
session at Madison on October 18th. In his
brief message he limited himself to recom
mending such action as would secure the ad
mission of the Territory to Statehood. He
was in favor of an early admission so that
the State could vote in the coming presi
dential election, and he again enumerated
the benefits to flow from an early formation
of a State government.

Again the whole machinery for securing
the adoption of a State constitution was put
in motion. A bill was quickly passed which
provided for an election on November 29th
of sixty-nine delegates, who were to assem
ble at Madison on December 15th and there
form a new constitution. The Constitutional
Convention completed its labors and ad
journed on February 1, 1848. The vote was
to be taken on March 13, 1848 ; and on that
date the instrument was adopted by a vote
of 16,797 to 6,383.244

Confident of the adoption of the new Con
stitution, Governor Dodge had not deemed
it proper to submit any subjects of legisla
tion when the second session of the Fifth
Legislative Assembly convened on February

GOVERNOR OF WISCONSIN 1845-1848 183

7, 1848. It would best accord with the
wishes of the people, he urged, to enact at
this session as few laws as possible.245

"The existing war between the United
States and Mexico", said the Governor in
his message, "has furnished a brilliant page
in our nation's history. . . . The Presi
dent in the firm discharge of the high duties
that have devolved upon him in the prosecu
tion of the Mexican war, is entitled to the
thanks of every true American, and the last
ing gratitude of his country." The memory
of Captain Augustus Quarles who fell before
the City of Mexico "will long be cherished
by the grateful people of Wisconsin."

With the final act for the admission of
Wisconsin into the Union, which was ap
proved on May 29, 1848,246 the career of
Henry Dodge as a Territorial executive and
administrator ends. The three years of his
governorship are replete with progress and
represent the last strides of the Territory in
the movement toward Statehood. From the
Old Northwest Territory the Commonwealth
of Wisconsin emerges as the last of its quin
tet of States247 — the culmination and the
realization of the political ideals which had
been formulated by the Congress of the

184 HENRY DODGE

Confederation more than sixty years before.
Henry Dodge represents the last link in the
long chain of Territorial Governors248 who
contributed to this evolution — an evolution
which fused the Old Northwest with an in
dissoluble union of States.249

XIV

UNITED STATES SENATOR

THE highest office in the gift of the people
of Wisconsin was now bestowed upon Henry
Dodge for his long and conscientious service
to the Territory. Against Edward V.
Whiton and Alexander L. Collins, Isaac
P. Walker and Henry Dodge (Democrats)
were elected on June 8, 1848, as the first
United States Senators from the new State
of Wisconsin.250 It was Senator Benton
who presented the credentials of Henry
Dodge. On June 23, 1848, he took his seat
in the first session of the Thirtieth Con
gress251 and was assigned to the class of
Senators whose terms expired in 1851.

Meanwhile political nominating conven
tions had begun to discuss Dodge's military
and official records. A Barnburners Con
vention, composed of the friends of Van
Buren, met at Utica, New York, on June 22,
1848, and nominated Martin Van Buren for
President and Henry Dodge for Vice Presi-

185

186 HENRY DODGE

dent. Senator Dodge, however, declined the
honor252 — proud though he would be, as he
said, to have his name under other circum
stances associated with that of Van Buren.
In the next August the first National Free
Soil Convention at Buffalo, composed of
Barnburners, Liberty men, and Anti-slavery
Whigs, indorsed Van Buren for President
and nominated Charles Francis Adams (the
son of Henry Dodge's former colleague in
the House) for Vice President.253

Henry Dodge's senatorial career covered
a period of nearly nine years. Perhaps the
Senate has never since contained a more re
markable group of men than served the
country during his two terms. Webster,
Calhoun, and Clay (at whose funeral Sena
tor Dodge was a pall-bearer)254 were about
to inaugurate the golden age of American
eloquence. Senator Cass he recalled as the
Governor of Michigan Territory just before
the opening of the Black Hawk War.
Stephen Arnold Douglas represented the
State in which Dodge had helped to sup
press the Winnebago War in 1827. And
many years before Senator Jefferson Davis
had served in Colonel Dodge's regiment of
Dragoons.

UNITED STATES SENATOR 187

His closest friend in the Senate was
Thomas H. Benton, whom he had known and
admired for thirty-five years and whom he
consulted often on questions of a public
nature. A bitter personal debate between
Senators Henry S. Foote and Thomas H.
Benton on April 17, 1850, almost resulted
fatally. Benton had advanced toward
Foote, who then drew a pistol. Henry
Dodge now sprang to his feet and arrested
his friend from Missouri, who amid the con
fusion exclaimed from time to time : "I have
no pistols ! " " Let him fire ! " " Stand out of
the way!" "I have no pistols!" "I dis
dain to carry arms!" Meanwhile the ex
cited Senator from Missouri had been
brought back to his seat ; but, breaking away
from Senator Dodge he again advanced to
ward Foote, who at this time was standing
near the Vice President's chair. .Senator
Daniel S. Dickinson now induced Foote to
surrender the weapon which he locked up in
his seat.

"I am certain these things should be
stopped", said Senator Dodge when matters
had somewhat cooled. "The Senate of the
United States has heretofore been con
sidered as one of the most dignified and

188 HENRY DODGE

decorous legislative bodies of men in the
world, and we owe it to ourselves to vindi
cate the Senate from the disrepute, so far
as it can be done, which attaches to it in con
sequence of a scene like this."255 On the
same day the Senate, on Dodge's motion,
ordered the appointment of a committee of
seven to investigate and report on the facts
of the recent disorder. Senator Dodge was
appointed chairman of this committee, but
on the next day declined to serve.256

One of his earliest votes in the Senate was
in favor of extending the slavery prohibition
of the Old Northwest Ordinance over the
Territory of Oregon257 — a political legacy
which his own State of Wisconsin had en
joyed. In the legislation of 1850 he sup
ported the bills for the admission of Cali
fornia and for the suppression of the slave
trade in the District of Columbia ; while his
vote stands recorded against the Utah and
New Mexico Bill, the Texas Boundary Bill,
and the Fugitive Slave Bill.258

In his vote on the Compromise measures
he was scrupulously honest and obedient to
his constituents. During the debates and
legislation on these measures the Wisconsin
Senators were instructed by a resolution of

UNITED STATES SENATOR 189

their legislature to vote against a clause in
a bill applying to California, which was con
strued as admitting slavery. Senator
Walker, however, disregarded his instruc
tions and voted for the measure. Senator
Dodge, rising from a sick-bed, had himself
carried to the Senate chamber when the vote
was to be taken. When his name was called
he requested the Clerk to read the instruc
tions from the legislature of Wisconsin to
her Senators. When the Clerk finished
reading he firmly voted i l Nay ' '. This action \
was looked upon as a stinging rebuke to )
Walker, whose action retired him from the I
confidence and esteem of the people of Wis-/
consin.259

Henry Dodge saw the population of his
State more than double during his senatorial
terms. From a new and growing State he
presented petitions and memorials from his
constituents. New mail routes were desired ;
railroad land-grants were requested; and
applications for pensions for service in the
Black Hawk War were presented in large
numbers. Memorials from Indian tribes
were sent him; while other petitions dealt
with such matters as the saline lands, min
eral lands, the improvement of the naviga-

190 HENRY DODGE .

tion of rivers, and the construction of
harbors.

Senator Dodge served faithfully upon the
Committee on Commerce as well as on the
Committee on the Militia — for the latter of
which he possessed superior qualifications.
The improvement of the Pox and Wisconsin
rivers was a subject which absorbed much of
his time and interest. This improvement
was to connect the Mississippi and the St.
Lawrence rivers. "In a military point of
view", he said, "I have ever regarded it as
adding to the means of defense and protec
tion of that portion of the frontier

It will enhance the value of the public do
main, and enable this Government to sell
millions of acres which it could not other
wise dispose of."260

On January 20, 1850, Henry Dodge was
reflected United States Senator against
James D. Doty for the full term of six years
from March 4, 1851. This election, in which
the vote stood sixty-nine to seven, was
Dodge's last contest with his old time Whig
rival.261

To the Kansas-Nebraska Bill he could not
give his assent and his vote with those of
Senators Chase, Seward, Sumner, and Wade

UNITED STATES SENATOR 191

is recorded against the measure. The vote,
however, of Augustus Caesar Dodge, his son,
who had sat with him in the Senate since
December, 1848, was cast in favor of the bill,
along with those of Senators Douglas and
Cass.262

When the debate over the question con
cerning the admission of Kansas was raging
in 1856, Senator Henry Dodge rose to make
an explanation. "I have heretofore voted
against the extension of slavery under the
instructions of my Legislature", he said.
"I shall continue to do so. Although I have
seen much to approve in the bill reported by
the Committee on Territories, and really
think it is well calculated to give peace to the
people of Kansas, I shall vote against it ; for
as long as I represent the people of Wiscon
sin, and as long as their Legislature, which
sends me here, instructs me, as it has done
ever since I have been a member of this body,
for eight years, I feel bound to conform my
action to their instructions, or resign my
position. I shall vote against the bill."263

Neither the historian nor the eulogist can
find in Dodge's career as a United States
Senator a subject for extended treatment.
No great compromises or statutes are linked

192 HENRY DODGE

with Ms name; and Ms longest speeches as
preserved in the Congressional Globe do not
occupy a full column. His training and tal
ents fitted him for military life and adminis
tration rather than for the more abstract
work of statesmanship and legislation. He
cannot be given rank as a great Senator ; he
belongs rather to that class of Senators who
are industrious and capable, and who have
regard for their oath of office in which they
promise to perform their duties to the best
of their abilities.

XV

CHARACTER AND SERVICES

WHEN Henry Dodge retired from the
United States Senate in 1857 he was an old
man. President Pierce had offered him the
governorship of Washington Territory ; but
this honor he declined,264 feeling that the
labors of war and the burdens of peace for
seventy-five years entitled him to spend the
evening of his days in rest and retirement.
The last years of his life find him at his old
home in Wisconsin and at the home of his
son Augustus Caesar in Burlington, Iowa.

The nation which he had served in arms
and in administration he saw pass through
its last crisis — the end of secession and of
slavery — out of which emerged the inde
structible union of States. In 1865 Christi
ana Dodge, his wife and companion for
sixty-five years, died at Burlington.265 Two
years later on the 19th of June, 1867, Colonel
Henry Dodge died at Burlington in the
eighty-fifth year of his age.

13 193

194 HENRY DODGE

Considering the career of Henry Dodge
in its length, extent, and character one can
see a blending of many characteristics -
from those of a hard-working pioneer to
those of a member of the upper branch of
Congress. To a considerable extent, there
fore, his personal, civil, and military career
discloses a cross-sectional view of life in the
West in the first half of the nineteenth cen
tury.

From his long out-door life and his mili
tary experience Colonel Dodge acquired an
erect, soldier-like carriage and bearing as
well as a strong, healthy constitution. "I
was introduced to him at Hd. Qrs. yester
day", wrote an observer in 1832. "He is
perhaps forty years old — about 5 feet 8 or
9 inches high — strong framed — with
rather pleasing features, indicating decision
of character without severity - He is said
to possess great personal bravery".266

Experience and latent ability somewhat
compensated for his almost total lack of an
early academic education. His letters and
public papers, though somewhat chaotic in
their punctuation and frequently phonetic
in their spelling, exhibit, nevertheless, a
clearness and directness of stvle. No one

CHARACTER AND SERVICES 195

can read his gubernatorial messages, his
military orders, or his speeches without feel
ing that the author of them had a mind which
composed with logic, directness, and pur
pose.

Among the positive elements of his char
acter may be mentioned his personal and of
ficial integrity, which in a long period of
service and in a very partisan era seems
never to have been impeached. Firmness
and fidelity of purpose, as well as a capacity
to work constantly toward a goal, is well
shown in his Indian campaigns. His power
to judge of the usefulness and the capacity
of others contributed largely to the success
of his administrative appointments. A self-
confidence, sometimes bordering on egotism,
gave considerable propulsion to his conduct ;
while in his military experience there are
many instances of his tact and ability for
leadership.

Toned and tempered in the atmosphere
of Jacksonian Democracy, Henry Dodge's
stock of political ideas offers comparisons
and contrasts to those of the representative
of that popular movement. Faith in the
West and in its people and an intuitive
knowledge of their needs contributed to his

196 HENRY DODGE

success as a public man. Precise conclusions
and even definiteness are lacking in his atti
tude toward the great questions of the tariff,
public improvements, currency, and bank
ing. His comparative freedom from parti
sanship and his harmonious relations with
his co-workers present, however, a striking
contrast to the spoils system and to the many
political quarrels of the Jacksonian reign.

Intimate personal and political relations
with Senator Benton since 1815 helped to
shape the Congressional career of Henry
Dodge. A common devotion to the needs
and the ideals of the West and to Jacksonian
principles of Democracy, as well as a long
residence in Missouri, often drew the two
men together. Unlike the Missouri states
man, however, in neither education nor
temperament was Dodge equipped with the
liberal horizon or the power of scholarly re
search for attacking the problems before the
American Congress.

Although long and well acquainted with
the institution in Missouri, slavery had
never become a part of his social psychology.
Some of his slaves in Missouri accompanied
him to Illinois and to Michigan Territory
and there remained devoted and faithful

CHARACTER AND SERVICES 197

members of his household. And, though he
had no direct acquaintance with the many
repugnant features of the institution, his
views on the subject kept pace with those of
the people of Wisconsin. His vote, for ex
ample, on the Compromise measures and the
Kansas-Nebraska Bill was in accord with
the wishes of his constituents.

At Washington his services neither as a
Delegate nor as a Senator disclose in Dodge
any special capacity for or application to
the abstract questions of statesmanship and
legislation. Moreover, it does not appear
that Judge Doty, with more scholarly tastes
and capacities, was the equal of Dodge in the
ability to handle and to solve the more con
crete questions which grew out of a pioneer
environment. Here was a fitting field for
Dodge in securing lead-mining rights, In
dian treaties, preemption laws, the organ
ization of the militia, protection from
Indian dangers, and the inauguration of
local civil governments. These labors were
beyond question attended with greater re
sults than were his efforts in Congress.

Upon the Illinois and Wisconsin frontiers
Henry Dodge, like thousands of other set
tlers and miners, had settled upon the pub-

198 HENRY DODGE

lie domain in the Indian country in viola
tion of Federal laws and in defiance of
marshals, district attorneys, and Indian
agents. His son in referring to this in the
Senate in 1854 said : "He has had these laws,
with the proclamations of the United States
officers, read to himself and neighbors, when
upon the Indian country in Wisconsin, more
than a quarter of a century ago, command
ing him and them to abandon the settlements
they had made. He disregarded the man
date of those officers, threw up a stockade
fort, provided himself and neighbors with
several hundred guns, and announced that
if the officers and soldiers of the regular
Army desired to expel him they could come
and try it."267

Such practices — impelled of course by
land-hunger and the desire for mineral
wealth — hardly harmonize with Henry
Dodge's views on nullification. Writing
from Washington in 1833, when the Tariff
Bill and the Force Bill were creating omi
nous threats, he said: "If a state can set
aside a law of the Union, our existence as a
federal government, would be of short
duration. . . . The majority must rule, and
if they do injustice to the minority, which to

CHAEACTER AND SERVICES 199

be sure is a state of things greatly to be re
gretted, yet it would be a safer depository of
power, than to permit the minority to dictate
a course to the majority."268

Henry Dodge's main contributions to
western development and State-building are
worked out in his careers as an Indian cam
paigner and as a Territorial executive. It
is in these two capacities that he was able to
apply with directness and marked efficiency
his knowledge of and experience on the Mis
sissippi frontier. Even among his con
temporaries he was known by his past ex
ecutive and military titles rather than by
the legislative titles that he had borne. The
survival of the title " Governor" is at least
significant.

Colonel Dodge never participated in a war
with a foreign power, but the results of his
Indian campaigns give him an honored
place among the leaders against the Red
Men. Here his knowledge of Indian char
acter and warfare won him a deserved popu
lar confidence. Waiving technical obstacles
in the Black Hawk War he pursued Black
Hawk's band with a persistence which has
tened the successful close of that conflict.
Strict in discipline and tactful in his deal-

200 HENRY DODGE

ings he won the praise of his superiors for
the success of his far western expeditions
of treaty-making and exploration.

As Superintendent of Indian Affairs his
duties were not so arduous as were those of
Governors Lucas and Chambers in the
neighboring Territory of Iowa. His letters
to the Commissioners of Indian Affairs
show a sound knowledge and deep interest
in such subjects as annuities, Indian schools,
agencies, and the duties of Indian Agents.
His activity in the negotiation of Indian
treaties is indicated by the large number of
compacts upon which his signature stands
appended either as a commissioner or as a
witness.

It is in the eight years of his Governorship
that Henry Dodge reaches the zenith of his
career as a public man. To this office he
brought a record of long and efficient mili
tary service, a wide knowledge of frontier
civilization, and ideas adapted to its increas
ing population and its political progress.
Furthermore, in the evolution of the other
Territories of the Old Northwest and in the
administrations of their Governors he found
and made use of organic laws, judicial de
cisions, and a mass of legislation. With

CHARACTER AND SERVICES 201

these pointing the way governing became
easier and surer.

Without any profound knowledge or
training in constitutional forms and in law-
making, Governor Dodge has nevertheless
left his impress upon Territorial legislation.
Seemingly a strict constructionist at bottom,
he did not read into the Organic Act a liter-
alness which would render it incompatible
with his own notions of the sphere of the
executive authority. Inspired by the ex
ample of Andrew Jackson, Governor Dodge
did not hesitate to use the veto power with a
firm and efficient hand. From the beginning
he demonstrated that the executive was an
active part of the legislative power. A
reading of his messages discloses that they
served as real and effective guides to the
Territorial legislature. His use of the veto
power on such subjects as the location of
county seats, county boundaries, and upon
bills designed to promote speculation op
erated as a check to crude and unwise legis
lation. Then too, a personality long used to
command was bound to make itself felt in
legislative leadership.

With his rough-and-ready common sense
Governor Dodge's administration was har-

202 HENRY DODGE

monious. The pioneer legislators, coming as
they did from various sections of the Union,
representing widely separated regions, and
bringing with them diverse and often con
flicting political policies, had need of an ex
ecutive who could harmonize the legislative
machinery. This spirit of cooperation
stands in marked relief to the discordant
features of Governor Doty's administration
which was perhaps the stormiest of all the
administrations of the Governors of the Old
Northwest.

Besides representing the dignity and
authority of the National government, the
Governor was vested by the Organic Act of
the Territory with extensive appointive
powers.269 With the advice and consent of
the Council he appointed all judicial of
ficers of the townships and counties, sheriffs,
and some of the militia officers. Vacancies
in these offices were also temporarily filled
by executive appointments. Here as well as
in the legislative department his policy met
the approval of the Council and conduced
to the efficiency and responsibility of the
local government in the Territory.

From an historical retrospect the office of
Territorial Governor in the late thirties and

CHARACTER AND SERVICES 203

forties would seem to equal in importance
those of the provincial and colonial execu
tives of the eighteenth century. The area
to be governed was generally vaster, the
problems of administration as complex, and
the dangers from Indians fully as great.
Both were the dominant influence in the gov
ernment. And, as the administrations of the
pre-Revolutionary Governors were training
schools for the founders of the Eepublic, so
the governments in the Territories of the Old
Northwest bequeathed to the West a power
and influence which made it a dominating
factor in National affairs.

On the death of Governor Dodge the State
Historical Society of Wisconsin adopted
resolutions extolling his character and his
long official services which "have secured for
him to all time the grateful remembrance of
the people of this State ' '.27° Five days after
his death Governor Lucius Pairchild paid
public tribute to Governor Dodge in these
words : — "A brave and accomplished soldier,
an enlightened and incorruptible statesman
— General Dodge was for many years recog
nized as one of the most distinguished lead
ers in the nation. Too brave to be other than
he seemed, too honest to be a demagogue, his

204 HENRY DODGE

career was characterized by a manly inde
pendence in doing right, which won for him
the confidence of the whole people."271

In 1870 the legislature of the State of Wis
consin passed an act to perpetuate his
memory, declaring that the State was called
upon to recognize in some permanent form
honorable to the State the " sterling quali
ties and eminent services" of the late Gov
ernor Dodge. The act provided for the con
struction of a bust of the finest marble, not
to exceed $20,000 in cost. This bust was
executed by the sculptor E. P. Knowles, and
the completed work was placed in the Gov
ernor 's room of the Wisconsin Capitol.272

HE SERVED HIS OWN GENERATION BY THE

WILL OF GoD.273 Thus reads the epitaph on
his monument overlooking the Father of
Waters at Burlington. It is a fitting resting
place for the man. The strong and ceaseless
flow of the great Mississippi symbolizes his
aggressive pioneer spirit. Its turbulent
waves from the north reecho forever the
tales of his Indian conflicts and conquests.
And in its more peaceful moods it reflects Ms
civil and military career during which he
helped to make and to mould two mighty
Mississippi Valley Commonwealths.

NOTES AND REFERENCES

205

NOTES AND REFERENCES
CHAPTER I

1 Most of the facts in this chapter are gleaned from
the following sources: —

Theron Royal Woodward's Dodge Genealogy. The
author is a descendant of the Dodge family and his
book contains an exhaustive register of all the de
scendants of the Dodge line.

Robert Dodge's Tristram Dodge and Descendants.
Besides the genealogical material this book contains
sketches of Henry Dodge and a brief history of Block
Island.

William Salter's A Heroine of the Revolution:
Nancy Ann Hunter in the Iowa Historical Record,
for April, 1886, Vol. II, No. 2, pp. 258-264.

Manuscript Notes by Augustus Caesar Dodge for
an historical address delivered before the old settlers
of Clark County, Missouri, in the fall of 1883. The
writer was given access to these notes by the late Rev.
William Salter of Burlington, Iowa.

2Richman's Rhode Island, pp. 6, 7.

3 Dodge 's Tristram Dodge and Descendants, p. 204.

4 Woodward's Dodge Genealogy, pp. 7-11.

5 Woodward's Dodge Genealogy, p. 11.

6 Woodward's Dodge Genealogy, pp. 16-18.

7 Dodge 's Manuscript Notes.

8 Dodge 's Manuscript Notes.

207

208 HENRY DODGE

9 Judge John Law 's The Colonial History of Vin-
cennes, pp. 24-37.

10 Narrative of Mr. John Dodge During his Cap
tivity at Detroit, edited by Clarence Monroe Burton,
pp. 14-16.

11 Collections of the Illinois State Historical Li
brary, Vol. II, edited by Clarence W. Alvord, Vir
ginia Series, Vol. I, p. xcv.

12 Narrative of Mr. John Dodge During his Cap
tivity at Detroit, edited by Clarence Munroe Burton,
p. 34.

13 Thwaites and Kellogg 's The Revolution on the
Upper Ohio, 1775-1777, p. 143.

14 English's Conquest of the Northwest, 1778-1783,
Vol. II, p. 736.

" As we had suffered already from the simple asser
tions of obscure persons, one of whom John Dodge, was
known by several Virginians to be an unprincipled and
perjured renegade, and as we had experienced the in
humanity of the executive power. ' ' — Lieutenant Gov
ernor Henry Hamilton's statement in The Haldimand
Papers printed in the Michigan Pioneer Collections,
Vol. IX, p. 512.

15 From a letter dated August 25, 1787, by Father
Peter Heut de la Valiniere to Charles Thomson, Sec
retary of Congress, printed in the Illinois Historical
Collections, Virginia Series, Vol. II, CahoJcia Records,
1778-1790, pp. 424-428.

16 Dodge's Manuscript Notes.

17 Thwaites 's Early Lead-Mining in Illinois and

NOTES AND REFERENCES 209

Wisconsin in the Annual Report of the American
Historical Association, 1893, p. 193.

18Houck's The Spanish Regime in Missouri, Vol.
II, pp. 293, 294.

19 American State Papers, Public Lands, VoL VIII,
pp. 105, 106.

20 Dodge's Manuscript Notes.

21 This story is found in Dodge's Manuscript Notes.

22 Gayarre's History of Louisiana, Vol. Ill, p. 406.

23 Dodge's Manuscript Notes.

24 History of Southeast Missouri (1888), p. 310.

25 "A few days after the birth of the child, a
Piankeshaw chief came in, and said that it could not
be allowed to live in their country, and he would
dash out its brains. The mother plead for the life of
her first born. Moses Henry explained that it was
the 'papoose' of a friend of his, whose 'squaw' was
sojourning in his house — that the child was born
out of due time, while the mother was on her way to
her people, and that they would soon go on their
journey. These expostulations prevailed, the chief at
the same time saying 'nits make lice; this little nit
may grow to be a big louse and bite us;' a prophecy
which came true. In gratitude to her benefactor,
Mrs. Dodge gave his [that of Moses Henry] full
name to the child, which he retained until he was
grown, when he adopted the single name, Henry." —
Salter's A Heroine of the Revolution: Nancy Ann
Hunter in the Iowa Historical Record, Vol. II, No.
2, pp. 261, 262.

14

210 HENRY DODGE

26 Sailer's A Heroine of the Revolution: Nancy Ann
Hunter in the Iowa Historical Record, Vol. II, No. 2,
p. 263.

27 Houck's The Spanish Regime in Missouri, Vol.
II, p. 295.

28 Dodge 's Manuscript Notes.

CHAPTER II

29 Shambaugh 's Documentary Material Relating to
the History of Iowa, Vol. I, p. 19.

30 History of Southeast Missouri, pp. 310-315. This
is an anonymous work compiled in 1888 by the Good-
speed Publishing Company of Chicago.

31 Isidor Loeb in the Missouri Historical Quarterly,
Vol. I, p. 63.

32 History of Southeast Missouri, pp. 310, 311.

33 History of Southeast Missouri, pp. 311, 312.
34 Darby's Personal Recollections, pp. 87, 88.

35 Salter 's Henry Dodge in the Iowa Historical
Record, Vol. V, No. 4, pp. 342, 343.

36 Houck's A History of Missouri, Vol. Ill, p. 67.

37 History of Southeast Missouri, pp. 312, 313.

38 The complete list of the commissions is as fol
lows : —

1. Lieutenant of Militia in the District of Ste.
Genevieve ; signed by James Wilkinson, Governor and
Commander in Chief of the Territory of Louisiana,
and Joseph Browne, Secretary, May 10, 1806.

NOTES AND REFERENCES 211

2. Adjutant of the Militia in the District of Ste.
Genevieve; signed by James Wilkinson, Governor,
etc., July 17, 1806. This commission also bears the
oath of office sworn to by H. Dodge before Jno. Smith,
T., March 2, 1807.

3. First Lieutenant of Ste. Genevieve Troop of
Cavalry ; signed by Frederick Bates, Secretary of the
Territory of Louisiana, and exercising as well the
government thereof as the office of Commander in
Chief of the militia of said Territory, St. Louis,
August 14, 1807.

4. Captain of Ste. Genevieve Troop of Cavalry;
signed by Meriwether Lewis, Governor and Com
mander in Chief of the Territory of Louisiana, and
F. Bates, Secretary, July 10, 1809.

5. Marshal for the Territory of Missouri; notifi
cation of appointment by President Madison; signed
by James Monroe, Secretary of State, August 10, 1813.

6. Sheriff of the County of Ste. Genevieve ; signed
by William Clark, Governor of the Territory of Mis
souri, and F. Bates, Secretary, October 1, 1813.

7. Brigadier General of the Missouri Territory, to
rank as such from the 17th of January, 1814; signed
by James Madison, President of the United States,
and J. Armstrong, Secretary of War, Washington,
April 16, 1814.

8. Sheriff of the County of Ste. Genevieve ; signed
by Wm. Clark, Governor of the Territory of Mis
souri, and F. Bates, Secretary, September 30, 1815.

9. Marshal for the District of Missouri; notifica
tion of appointment by President Madison; signed
by John Graham, Chief Clerk of the Department of
State, February 25, 1817.

212 HENRY DODGE

10. Marshal in and for the Missouri District for
four years; signed by James Monroe, President, and
John Quincy Adams, Secretary of State, April 25,
1822.

11. Major General of the Second Division Mis
souri Militia; signed by Alexander McNair, Governor
of the State of Missouri, and Win. G. Pettus, Secre
tary of State, St. Charles, May 8, 1822.

12. Marshal of the United States in and for the
District of Missouri for four years from. April 25,
1826; signed by J. Q. Adams, President, and Henry
Clay, Secretary of State, December 22, 1825.

13. Chief Justice of the County Court in and for
the County of Iowa for four years from December 1,
1829; signed by Lewis Cass, Governor of the Terri
tory of Michigan, and J. Witherell, Secretary; De
troit, October 14, 1829.

14. Colonel in the Militia of the Territory of
Michigan; signed by Lewis Cass, Governor, October
15, 1829.

15. Major of the Battalion of Mounted Rangers,
to rank from June 21, 1832 ; signed by Andrew Jack
son, President, and Lewis Cass, Secretary of War,
June 22, 1832.

16. Colonel of the Regiment of Dragoons, to rank
from the 4th of March, 1833 ; signed by Andrew Jack
son, President, and Lewis Cass, Secretary of War,
May 10, 1834.

17. Governor of the Territory of Wisconsin for
three years from July 3, 1836; signed by Andrew
Jackson, President, and John Forsyth, Secretary of
State, April 30, 1836.

18. Governor of the Territory of Wisconsin for

NOTES AND REFERENCES 213

three years from July 3, 1839; signed by M. Van
Buren, President, and John Forsyth, Secretary of
State, March 9, 1839.

19. Governor of the Territory of Wisconsin for
three years from February 3, 1846; signed by James
K. Polk, President, and James Buchanan, Secretary
of State, February 3, 1846. — Iowa Historical Record,
Vol. V, No. 4, pp. 338-340.

39Niles's Weekly Register, Vol. Ill, pp. 142, 143.

40 An account of the enrollment of the Missouri
Territorial militia is to be found in Houck's A His
tory of Missouri, Vol. Ill, pp. 103-108.

41 The facts and the narrative concerning this cam
paign are based on notes by Dr. Lyman C. Draper of
Madison, Wisconsin, who constructed them from in
formation furnished by Henry Dodge in 1855. — See
the Iowa Historical Record, Vol. V, No. 4, pp. 359-361.

42 Kappler's Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties, Vol.
II, pp. 112-115.

43 Houck's A History of Missouri, Vol. Ill, pp.
248-250.

CHAPTEE III

44 Houck's A History of Missouri, Vol. Ill, pp. 190,
191.

45 The facts and the quotation in this paragraph
are taken from Salter's Henry Dodge in the Iowa
Historical Record, Vol. V, No. 4, pp. 346, 347.

46 "I knew him [Augustus Caesar Dodge] when he
helped to cordel the keel boat which conveyed his

214 HENRY DODGE

father and his family from St. Mary's Landing Mis
souri to Galena Illinois in March 1827, he pulling at
the cordel with his father, brother Henry L & his
fathers negro slaves." — From a letter by George W.
Jones to Charles Aldrich, dated June 1, 1890, and
preserved in the Historical Department at Des Moines,
Iowa.

47 A more detailed account of this journey may be
found in the third chapter of the author's Augustus
Caesar Dodge.

18Niles's Weekly Register, Vol. XXXIV, p. 344.

49 From a letter by Joseph Montf ort Street at
Prairie du Chien to Dr. Alexander Posey, dated De
cember 11, 1827, and preserved in the Historical De
partment at Des Moines, Iowa.

50Salter's Henry Dodge in the Iowa Historical
Record, Vol. V, No. 2, pp. 349, 350.

51 Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. IV, p. 181.

52 Salter's Henry Dodge in the Iowa Historical
Record, Vol. V, No. 4, p. 350.

53Salter's Henry Dodge in the Iowa Historical
Record, Vol. V, No. 4, pp. 350, 351.

54 This letter is printed in Salter's Henry Dodge in
the Iowa Historical Record, Vol. V, No. 4, pp. 351,
352.

Morgan L. Martin, who made a tour through these
mining districts, wrote concerning it after a lapse of
fifty-nine years: "Our first objective point was
Dodgeville, wyhere Henry Dodge had started a 'dig
gings'. We found his cabins surrounded by a

NOTES AND REFERENCES 215

formidable stockade, and the miners liberally sup
plied with ammunition. The Winnebagoes had threat
ened to oust the little colony, and were displaying an
ugly disposition. Dodge entertained us at his cabin,
the walls of which were well covered with guns. He
said that he had a man for every gun and would not
leave the county unless the Indians were stronger
than he." — Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. XI,
p. 397.

55Kappler's Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties,
Vol. II, pp. 300-303. Three days before he had wit
nessed a treaty with the Chippewas likewise negoti
ated at Prairie du Chien.

56Salter's Henry Dodge in the Iowa Historical
Record, Vol. V, No. 4, p. 353.

On July 4, 1829, he participated in a patriotic
celebration at Mineral Point and officiated as Presi
dent of the Day. The next month he was elected
Chief Justice of Iowa County, which the Legislative
Assembly of Michigan Territory had created a short
time before. — Galena Advertiser, Vol. I, Nos. 4, 8,
August 10 and September 7, 1829.

57 Letter of Henry Dodge dated February 10, 1829,
to Delegate Austin E. Wing, printed in Smith's
History of Wisconsin, Part I, Vol. I, pp. 431, 432.

58Salter's Henry Dodge in the Iowa Historical
Record, Vol. V, No. 4, p. 355 ; and A Record of the
Commemoration of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the
Settlement of Iowa, pp. 87, 88.

59 This public letter is printed in Salter's Henry

216 HENRY DODGE

Dodge in the Iowa Historical Record, Vol. V, No. 4,
pp. 355, 356.

60 Printed in Salter 's Henry Dodge in the Iowa
Historical Record, Vol. V, No. 4, pp. 356-358.

CHAPTER IV

61 Kappler's Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties, Vol.
II, pp. 132, 133.

62 Kappler's Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties, Vol.
II, pp. 250-255.

63 This statement of causes is taken from a letter by
Joseph M. Street to Dr. Alexander Posey, dated
December 11, 1827. The letter is written from
Prairie du Chien where for many years Street was
Indian Agent. The letter is found in the Street Col
lection in the Historical Department at Des Moines,
Iowa.

64 Strong 's The Indian Wars of Wisconsin in the
Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. VIII, p. 253.

65 Stevens 's Black Hawk War, pp. 72, 73.

66 An extended account of this incident is Snelling 's
Early Days at Prairie du Chien and the Winnebago
Outbreak of 1827 in the Wisconsin Historical Collec
tions, Vol. V, pp. 123-153.

67 Mrs. Adele P. Gratiot in the Wisconsin Historical
Collections, Vol. X, p. 270.

68 Letter dated August 26, 1827, and printed in the
Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. V, pp. 157, 158.

NOTES AND REFERENCES 217

C9Salter's Henry Dodge in the Iowa Historical
Record, Vol. V, No. 4, p. 349.

70 Quoted from Strong's The Indian Wars of Wis
consin in the Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol.
VIII, p. 261. Most of the facts of this campaign are
gleaned from this article.

71 Red Bird died in prison at Prairie du Chien.
His two accomplices were indicted, tried, convicted,
and sentenced to be hanged on December 26, 1828. On
November 3, 1828, they were pardoned by President
Adams. — Strong 's History of Wisconsin Territory,
pp. 130, 131.

72 Wisconsin Historical Collections,Vol.VlII, p. 265.

73 Kappler 's Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties,
Vol. II, pp. 300-303.

74 Thwaites's The Story of the Black Hawk War in
the Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. XII, pp.
217-265; also Ford's History of Illinois, pp. 109, 110.

"His passions were many, but the consuming pas
sion of his life was hatred of the Americans, a hatred
without cause and as unjustifiable and unreasonable
as man's baser passions are always found to be. Yet
this may not be surprising, fed as he was by his de
vouring gloom and restless, war-like spirit. The
mantle of charity has many a time before and since
covered graver faults; so let it be with Black Hawk's,
for it is said of him that in his domestic life he was
a kind husband and father, and in his transactions
with his people he was upright and honest, if he was
not ambitious for their elevation. ' ' — Stevens 's Black
Hawk War, p. 21.

218 HENRY DODGE

75 Kappler 's Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties, Vol.
II, pp. 74-77.

76 Kappler 's Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties, Vol.
II, pp. 126-128.

77 Kappler 's Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties, Vol.
II, pp. 250-255.

78 Ford's History of Illinois, p. 111. The main facts
in the narrative of this campaign are taken from this
volume, the author of which, Thomas Ford, was a
participant and later Governor of Illinois.

79 The text of the treaty is printed in Stevens 's
Black Hawk War, pp. 96-98.

80 Quoted in Strong's History of Wisconsin Terri
tory, p. 132.

CHAPTER V

81 The principal sources from which this chapter
has been constructed are as follows: —

I. HISTORIES AND BIOGRAPHIES

1. Stevens 's Black Hawk War. This is the most
exhaustive and detailed treatment of this subject ex
tant.

2. Stevens 's Wake field's History of the Black
Hawk War. This is a reprint of John Allen Wake-
field's book published in 1834. Wakefield was a sur
geon and a scout in this war and attained the rank
of Major.

3. Salter's Henry Dodge. Chapter II in the Iowa
Historical Record, Vol. VI, No. 1, contains a mass of
facts and original material.

NOTES AND REFERENCES 219

4. Ford's History of Illinois. The author was a
participant in this war and later Governor of Illinois.
The author attempts to show that not Dodge but
Henry was the rea-l hero of the war.

5. Strong's History of Wisconsin Territory. About
twenty pages are devoted to the war by a competent
hand.

6. Smith's History of Wisconsin, Vols. I and II.
This is an excellent collection of both secondary and
source material.

7. The Great Indian Chief of the West: Or, Life
and Adventures of Black Hawk, published anony
mously at Philadelphia in 1855.

8. Life of Ma-ka-tai-me-she-kia-kiak or Black
Hawk. Ford on page 110 of his history declares that
this "was got up from the statements of Mr. Antoine
Le Clere and Col. Davenport, and was written by a
printer, and was never intended for anything but a
catch-penny publication. ' '

9. Elliott's Black Hawk and Mexican War Rec
ords. This contains a roster of the Illinois troops in
the war.

10. Thwaites's Wisconsin in the American Com
monwealth Series.

11. Fulton's The Red Men of Iowa containing an
account of the war and a sketch of Black Hawk.

II. SPECIAL ARTICLES

1. Thwaites's The Story of the Black Hawk War
in the Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. XII, pp.
217-265.

2. Strong's The Indian Wars of Wisconsin in the
Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. VIII, pp.

220 HENRY DODGE

241-286. This is reprinted in that author 's History of
Wisconsin Territory.

3. Parkinson's Pioneer Life in Wisconsin in the
Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. II, pp. 326-364.

4. Pecatonica Battle Controversy in the Wiscon
sin Historical Collections, Vol. II, pp. 365-392.

III. MISCELLANEOUS

1. The Galenian (Galena, Illinois) in the posses
sion of the Chicago Historical Society. This was a
weekly edited by Addison Philleo who served in the
war. It was the only paper then published in Illinois
north of Springfield.

2. A Record of the Commemoration of the Fiftieth
Anniversary of the Settlement of Iowa. Published
at Burlington in 1883.

3. Manuscript collections in the library of the
Wisconsin Historical Society.

4. A Diary of the Black Hawk War in The Iowa
Journal of History and Politics, Vol. VIII, pp. 265-
269. The authorship of this diary, edited by Dr. John
Carl Parish, has not been ascertained.

5. Autobiographical Manuscript by George Wal
lace Jones, a copy of which is in the Library of The
State Historical Society of Iowa.

82 Thwaites's The Black Hawk War in the Wiscon
sin Historical Collections, Vol. XII, pp. 230, 231.

83 This letter is printed in Stevens 's Wake field's
History of the Black Hawk War, pp. 35, 36.

84 The proclamation is printed in Stevens 's Wake-
field's History of the Black Hawk War, pp. 36, 37.

NOTES AND REFERENCES 221

85 Stevens 's Wake field's History of the Black Hawk
War, pp. 41, 44, 45.

86 Elliott 's Black Hawk and Mexican War Records,
p. xvii.

87 Strong's History of Wisconsin Territory, p. 135.

88 The Galenian (Galena, Illinois) for May and
June, 1832.

89 Salter 's Henry Dodge in the Iowa Historical
Record, Vol. VI, No. 1, p. 393.

90 This letter was written from Mineral Point and
is printed in Smith's History of Wisconsin, Part I,
Vol. I, p. 417.

91 Strong's History of Wisconsin Territory, p. 135.
Colonel Daniel M. Parkison says there were " about

fifty men" in this party. — Wisconsin Historical Col
lections, Vol. II, p. 337.

»2The Galenian (Galena, Illinois), Vol. I, No. 3,
May 16, 1832.

93 A Record of the Commemoration of the Fiftieth
Anniversary of the Settlement of Iowa, p. 72.

94 This talk is printed in Smith 's History of Wis
consin, Part I, Vol. I, pp. 416, 417.

95 The complete story of this adventure as told by
the captives themselves may be found in Stevens 's
Black Hawk War, pp. 150-154.

96 Smith 's History of Wisconsin, Part I, Vol. I, pp.
418, 419.

97 Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. II, pp. 339-
341.

222 HENRY DODGE

98 Printed in Smith 's History of Wisconsin, Part I,
Vol. I, pp. 420-422.

99 Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. II, pp. 341-
343.

100 jnrom a letter to Dr. Addison Philleo printed in
The Galenian (Galena, Illinois), Vol. I, No. 8, June
20, 1832.

101 " From that time [spring of 1831] we were
mining and farming near Platteville and doing pretty
well until the summer of 1832, when the Black Hawk
War interrupted our work, as every man had to turn
out, join some company, and go hunting after Indians.
Lucius and I joined different companies, he that of
Captain Gentry under Colonel Dodge and I enlisted
in the company of Captain Craig under Colonel
Stephenson. We put into the service five horses; and
some of them did better fighting than I did, for only
two of them came out of the war alive, the best one
having been killed at the Battle of Bad Axe at the
mouth of Black River on the Mississippi River. I
had been mining and hunting Indians alternately all
summer, but fortunately never found any Indians
and unfortunately found no mineral. ' ' — The Lang-
worthys of Early Dubuque and their Contributions
to Local History, edited by Dr. John Carl Parish, in
The Iowa Journal of History and Politics for July,
1910. The quotation is found on pages 348, 349.

102 Strong's History of Wisconsin Territory, p. 141.

IDS rp^ f uu report is printed in Smith 's History of
Wisconsin, Part II, Vol. Ill, pp. 195-199.

104 Ford's History of Illinois, p. 128.

NOTES AND REFERENCES 223

105 Thwaites's The Story of the Black Hawk War in
the Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. XII, pp.
246, 247.

106 At Galena the ladies presented him with colors
for his regiment and the Colonel responded with
thanks, dating his reply June 25, 1832, from Fort
Union.

107 Stevens 's Black Hawk War, p. 183.

108 Thwaites's The Story of the Black Hawk War in
the Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. XII, p. 247.

109 Smith's History of Wisconsin, Part I, Vol. I, p.
277.

no Ford's History of Illinois, pp. 135-137.

111 Adjutants E. H. Merryman and W. W. Wood-
bridge and Little Thunder.

112 The Galenian (Galena, Illinois), Vol. I, No. 14,
August 1, 1832. This report was written by Dr.
Addison Philleo.

113 Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol.XII, p. 256.

114 This undated account is found among the George
Hyer papers in the library of the State Historical So
ciety of Wisconsin at Madison.

The following report of the battle written by Dodge
on July 22nd is extracted from Niles's Weekly Regis
ter, Vol. XLII, No. 1091, August 18, 1832 :—

"We met the enemy yesterday near the Wisconsin
river, and opposite the old Sack village, after a close
pursuit of near 100 miles. Our loss was one man
killed and eight wounded; from the scalps taken by

224 HENRY DODGE

the Winnebagoes, as well as those taken by the whites ;
and the Indians carried from the field of battle, we
must have killed 40 of them. The number of wounded
is not known; we can only judge from the number
killed that many were wounded. From their crippled
situation, I think we must overtake them ; unless they
descend the "Wisconsin by water. ' '

This is the account which gave rise to an endless
discussion as to the relative claims of Colonel Dodge
and Brigadier General Henry to be called the hero of
this war. It should be remembered that the latter had
the chief command at the battle of Wisconsin Heights.

us prjnted in Smith's History of Wisconsin, Part I,
Vol. I, p. 426.

116 Black Hawk and the Prophet Neapope were
captured by Chaetar and One-eyed Decorah, two Win-
nebago braves who on August 27, 1832, delivered them
to Agent Joseph M. Street at Prairie du Chien. The
Winnebago, Little Thunder, received the government
reward of $2,000.— McBride 's Capture of Black
Hawk in the Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. V,
pp. 293-297 ; see also Wisconsin Historical Collections,
Vol. VIII, p. 316.

117 From the unpublished autobiography of George
Wallace Jones, a copy of which is in the possession of
The State Historical Society of Iowa.

118 These figures are taken from Thwaites's The
Story of the Black Hawk War in the Wisconsin His
torical Collections, Vol. XII, p. 261.

119 ' < Qur citizens having been driven by that enemy
of our race from their mines and farms, [are] forced

NOTES AND REFERENCES 225

with their families, to collect for mutual protection
into the rude stockades which are scattered over a
large space of territory, or compelled to take up arms,
and seek the savage foe in the forests and swamps into
which they retreat, after committing their murders
and depredations. Our country, instead of realizing
the brilliant prospects of wealth and plenty, presents
the melancholy [spectacle] of deserted cabins, of
wasted and uncultivated fields. The season for plant
ing and raising crops has passed away amidst the
preparations for defense, and the clash of arms." —
The Galenian (Galena, Illinois), Vol. I, No. 17,
August 22, 1832.

120 Letter of P. Clayton, Second Auditor in the
Treasury Department, to Henry Dodge, dated Jan
uary 15, 1851, and printed in the Wisconsin Historical
Collections, Vol. V, pp. 285, 286.

CHAPTEE VI

121 United States Statutes at Large, Vol. IV, p. 533.

122 American State Papers, Military Affairs, Vol. V,
pp. 36, 37.

123 American State Papers, Military Affairs, Vol. V,
p. 40.

124 Dodge's Military Order Book, pp. 4, 5. "This
order is given", continues this order, "as well to serve
for the punishment of DRUNKENNESS, as to spare good
and temperate men, the labor of digging graves for
their worthless companions."

This Military Order Book is a manuscript document
in Henry Dodge's own handwriting, containing his

15

226 HENEY DODGE

military orders and correspondence from August,
1832, to March, 1836. The orders, issued from widely
separated points in the Mississippi Valley, are all
written in ink and are fairly legible, despite the
seventy-five years that have passed since their writing.
The Military Order Book is in the possession of the
Historical Department at Des Moines, Iowa, and all
references in this volume are to the original and un
published source.

125 Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. X, pp.
231, 232.

126 Dodge's Military Order Book, pp. 7, 8.

127 Kappler 's Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties,
Vol. II, pp. 345-348.

128 Kappler 's Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties,
Vol. II, pp. 349-351.

129 Dodge's Military Order Book, pp. 11, 12.

130 Dodge's Military Order Book, p. 29.

131 Dodge 's Military Order Book, pp. 18, 19.

132 Dodge's Military Order Book, pp. 13, 14.

133 Dodge's Military Order Book, p. 14.

134 Dodge's Military Order Book, pp. 15, 16.

135 Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. II, pp. 341,
352.

136 A copy of this letter from Dodgeville, dated July
14, 1833, is to be found in Dodge's Military Order
Book, pp. 41-46.

137 Dodge's Military Order Book, pp 1, 2.

NOTES AND REFERENCES 227

138 Dodge's Military Order Book, pp. 47-50.

139 Dodge's Military Order Book, pp. 59, 60.

CHAPTER VII

140 United States Statutes at Large, Vol. IV, p. 652.

141 American State Papers, Military Affairs, Vol. V,
p. 126.

142 Henry Dodge to Colonel R. Jones, August 28,
1833, in Dodge's Military Order Book, pp. 60-63.

143Salter's Henry Dodge in the Iowa Historical
Record, Vol. VII, No. 3, p. 102.

144 Quoted from Hildreth's Dragoon Campaigns to
the Rocky Mountains, pp. 42, 43. This volume of 288
pages was published in 1836 and consists of a series of
letters written by the author, James Hildreth. The
journey from Buffalo to Jefferson Barracks is de
scribed, interesting sketches of life in the barracks are
given, and the story of the marches from St. Louis to
Fort Gibson and to the Pawnee Pict village is told
with many stories and incidents of camp life.
Sketches of Indian life and scenery form another in
teresting feature of the book.

145 Hildreth 's Dragoon Campaigns to the Rocky
Mountains, p. 46. The facts in the description of the
soldiers and the barracks in the foregoing text are
taken largely from this work.

146 Hildreth 's Dragoon Campaigns to the Rocky
Mountains, p. 47.

"Some captains have ordered timber ready hewn

228 HENRY DODGE

from St. Louis, and allowed some of the dragoons ex
tra pay (although merely a nominal sum) for their
labor; but others have made their men cross the
Mississippi, cut down timber and tow it to the oppo
site side, without the smallest compensation.

' t Not to be at all personal, I have wondered whether
somebody did not make money out of this speculation.
If government paid for the labor, those who per
formed it had no share in the profits.

•> •>

147 Hildreth's Dragoon Campaigns to the Rocky
Mountains, pp. 51, 52.

148 Hildreth's Dragoon Campaigns to the Rocky
Mountains, pp. 59, 60.

149 it r^e scenery of the surrounding country was
the most strikingly picturesque and romantic that I
had ever seen. Mountains and valleys so richly
thrown together; forests and prairies so beautifully
interspersed; the elm and sycamore towered high in
the air ; the ledges of broken rocks emitted forth their
tiny torrents, which gently meandered on their course
through the tangled foliage." — Hildreth's Dragoon
Campaigns to the Rocky Mountains, pp. 62, 63.

150 Dodge's Military Order Book, pp. 63, 64.

151 Hildreth's Dragoon Campaigns to the Rocky
Mountains, p. 84; also Dodge's Military Order Book,
pp. 65, 66.

152 Dodge's Military Order Book, p. 71.

153 Hildreth's Dragoon Campaigns to the Rocky
Mountains, pp. 87, 88.

NOTES AND REFERENCES 229

154 A copy of this communication is to be found in
Dodge's Military Order Book, pp. 72-76.

155 Hildreth's Dragoon Campaigns to the Rocky
Mountains, pp. 105, 106.

156 Dodge's Military Order Book, pp. 82, 83.

157 Letter from Camp Jackson dated April 18, 1834,
to George W. Jones, found in the Historical Depart
ment at Des Moines, Iowa.

158 Hildreth 's Dragoon Campaigns to the Rocky
Mountains, p. 119.

The author here criticises the lack of ability in
Dragoon tactics in some of the officers. "It is rather
a laughable fact," he writes, "and one which reflects
but little credit upon the accomplished graduates of
West Point, that they should be compelled to receive
instruction in swordsmanship from one of the en
listed members of the regiment. Such however is the
case ; and my friend Long Ned .... regularly
every afternoon exercises a class of commissioned of
ficers in this branch of tactics, which they attempt
afterward to impart to the men. ' '

CHAPTER VIII

159 rjijjg narrative of this chapter was constructed
from the following sources : -

1. American State Papers, Military Affairs, Vol. V,
pp. 373-382. This is the journal kept by Lieutenant
T. B. Wheelock during the entire march. Although it
is sketchy in form it presents a fascinating narrative
as well as an official and accurate account.

230 HENRY DODGE

2. Catlin's North American Indians, Vol. II, pp.
452-528 (Hazard's edition of 1857). The same mate
rial is also found in the Smithsonian Report for 1885,
Part II. Mr. Catlin was at this time thirty-seven years
of age, and enjoyed the confidence of Colonel Dodge of
whom he painted a portrait. Dodge declared of Cat
lin's portraits of Indians that "The likenesses are
good, very easily to be recognized, and the costumes
faithfully represented." Vivid descriptions of the
Indians and narratives of buffalo hunts, marches,
scenery, and Indian councils from a keen observer, a
forceful writer, and an artist, give both interest and
value to this source.

3. Dodge's Military Order Book.

4. Hildreth's Dragoon Campaigns to the Rocky
Mountains.

5. Manuscript letters from Henry Dodge in the His
torical Department at Des Moines.

6. A Journal of Marches ~by the First United States
Dragoons, 1834-1835. This document describes four
marches by the First United States Dragoons which
extended over the area of five States of the Mississippi
Valley. The author of the Journal was a member of
Company I commanded by Captain Jesse B. Browne.
The Journal is edited by Louis Pelzer and printed in
The Iowa Journal of History and Politics, Vol. VII,
pp. 331-378.

160 Report of Secretary of War Lewis Cass in Amer
ican State Papers, Military Affairs, Vol. V, p. 170.

161 American State Papers, Military Affairs, Vol. V,
p. 373.

162 Smithsonian Report, 1885, Part II, p. 479.

NOTES AND REFERENCES 231

163 A Journal of Marches by the First United States
Dragoons in The Iowa Journal of History and Politics,
Vol. VII, p. 344.

164 American State Papers, Military Affairs, Vol. V,
p. 376.

165 "Every morning early as the day dawned hun
dred [s] of Squaws might be seen ladened with corn
Pumpions & water-mellons & Buffalo meat strolling
through our camp more anxious to trade than our
Yankee Pedlers — whatever ornaments or decorations
we could offer whether Paints, Buttons, Ribbands or
any thing else to make a show they quickly bartered.
Horses of the finest form & appearance were willingly
exchanged for a single blanket". — A Journal of
Marches by the First United States Dragoons in The
Iowa Journal of History and Politics, Vol. VII, p.
358.

166 Catlin 's North American Indians, Vol. II, p. 505.

' * The little boy of whom I have spoken, ' ' wrote Cat
lin, "was brought in, the whole distance to Fort Gib
son, in the arms of the dragoons, who took turns in
carrying him; and after the command arrived there,
he was transmitted to the Red River, by an officer,
who had the enviable satisfaction of delivering him
into the arms of his disconsolate and half -distracted
mother. ' '

167 A Journal of Marches by the First United States
Dragoons in The Iowa Journal of History and Poli
tics, Vol. VII, p. 359.

168 "Marched at half -past eight o'clock", writes
Lieutenant Wheelock on July 31, 1834. " Men in fine

232 HENRY DODGE

spirits; abundance of buffalo meat; course northeast;
distance 10 miles ; encamped on a branch of the Cana
dian ; three buffaloes killed this morning ; no news yet
from express; anxiously looked for; face of country
rolling prairie ; frequent deep gullies ; one of the Ki-
owas killed three buffaloes with three arrows."

169 Catlin's North American Indians, Vol. II, p. 515.

17* A Journal of Marches by the First United States
Dragoons in The Iowa Journal of History and Poli
tics, Vol. VII, p. 359.

171 American State Papers, Military Affairs, Vol. V,
p. 382.

172 Dodge's Military Order Book, p. 90.

173 Letter from Colonel Dodge, dated October 1,
1834, and found in the Historical Department at Des
Moines.

174 A report of this expedition was sent to the Ad
jutant General, and a copy thereof dated August 18,
1834, is found in Dodge's Military Order Book, pp.
85-89.

175 < < Colonel Dodge, who led the expedition, ' ' said
Lewis Cass, "and his whole command appear to have
performed their duties in the most satisfactory man
ner, and they encountered with firmness the priva
tions incident to the harassing service upon which
they were ordered. "- — American State Papers, Mili
tary Affairs, Vol. V, p. 358.

176 Catlin's North American Indians, Vol. II, p.
525.

NOTES AND REFERENCES 233

CHAPTER IX

177 This chapter is based upon the material found in
American State Papers, Military Affairs, Vol. VI, pp.
130-146. This material consists of the following doc
uments : —

1. The journal of the march of this detachment of
the Dragoons as written by Lieutenant G. P. Kings-
bury, the journalist of the expedition.

2. A map showing the route of the Dragoons in this
expedition.

3. Letter from Colonel Dodge to Roger Jones, Ad
jutant General of the United States Army, dated
October, 1835, from Fort Leavenworth.

4. Letter of Edmund P. Gaines (of the Western
Department of the Army) to Roger Jones, Adjutant
General of the United States Army, dated November
12, 1835.

ITS rp^ present counties of Richardson, Nemaha,
Johnson, and Otoe.

179 "The Otto village", describes Lieutenant Kings-
bury, "is situated on a high prairie ridge, about two
miles from the river, and overlooks the surrounding
country for many miles. In front lay the green level
valley of the Platte. . . . The village was very
neat in its appearance. The lodges were built of
wood, thatched with prairie grass, and covered with
dirt. They were of a circular form, with a pointed
roof about ten or twelve feet high to the break of the
roof, and about fifteen or twenty feet high in the cen
tre. They build their fires in the middle of the lodge,
leaving an opening in the roof for the smoke to es
cape."

234 HENRY DODGE

route Of this march would seem to corre
spond approximately with the present line of the
Denver and Rio Grande Railroad between the cities
of Denver and Pueblo in the State of Colorado.

181 " The command at this stage of the march",
writes Lieutenant Kingsbury on August 12, "was
in a most perfect state of health — not a man upon the
sick report ; the horses in fine order, nearly as good as
when they left Fort Leavenworth. The colonel had
seen all the Indians he expected to see, and had estab
lished friendly relations with them all; had marched
one thousand miles over a beautiful and interesting
country, and we started for home with that joyous
and self-satisfied feeling which resulted from a con
sciousness of having accomplished the full object of
the expedition."

182 "The weather being wet and foggy," runs the
journal of August 20, "we remained encamped; a
party of men were sent out hunting, who killed two
buffalo bulls ; no buffalo cows were seen. ' '

ass rpj^g was a Dragoon of Company A who died on
August 11, 1835. Colonel Dodge directed him to be
buried on a high prairie ridge and a stone to be
placed at the head of the grave upon which were to
be engraved his name and regiment.

CHAPTER X

184 rpkjs ietter is printed in full in Smith ?s History
of Wisconsin, Part II, Vol. I, pp. 431, 432.

iss From a letter of December 7, 1835, found in the
Historical Department at Des Moines, Iowa, and

NOTES AND REFERENCES 235

printed in the Annals of Iowa, 3rd Series, Vol. Ill,
pp. 293, 294.

ass rp^-g commissiOD is preserved in the Historical
Department at Des Moines, Iowa.

187 Shambaugh's The First Census of the Original
Counties of Dubuque and Demoine, pp. 45, 82.

188 Shambaugh's Messages and Proclamations of
the Governors of Iowa, Vol. I, pp. 50-52.

189Kappler's Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties,
Vol. II, pp. 463-465.

190Kappler's Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties,
Vol. II, p. 473.

191 Dodge's Military Order Book, pp. 115-117.

192 United States Statutes at Large, Vol. V, p. 34.

193Kappler's Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties,
Vol. II, pp. 474, 475.

194 Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 306.

195 Catlin's North American Indians, Vol. II, pp.
721, 722.

196 Catlin's North American Indians, Vol. II, p. 721.

197 From Childs's Recollections of Wisconsin Since
1820 in the Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. IV,
pp. 153-195. Ebenezer Childs was one of the Repre
sentatives from Brown County, and his narrative il
luminates some of the early legislative history of the
Territory.

198 Du Buque Visitor, Vol. I, No. 26, November 2,
1836.

236 HENRY DODGE

199 Shambaugh 's Messages and Proclamations of the
Governors of Iowa, Vol. I, pp. 3-11.

200Kappler's Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties,
Vol. II, pp. 491, 492; Minnesota Historical Collec
tions, Vol. VI, pp. 214-219.

201 James G. Edwards in the Wisconsin Territorial
Gazette and Burlington Advertiser, Vol. I, No. 14,
October 12, 1837.

202 Journal of the House of Representatives, Second
Session of the First Legislative Assembly of Wiscon
sin, pp. 167, 168.

203 Journal of the Council, Second Session of the
First Legislative Assembly of Wisconsin, pp. 6-10.

204 Wisconsin Territorial Gazette and Burlington
Advertiser, Vol. I, No. 29, January 27, 1838.

205 Pound in the Historical Department at Des
Moines, Iowa, and printed in the Annals of Iowa, 3rd
Series, Vol. Ill, pp. 397, 398.

206 "I have known Genl. Jones from his childhood",
wrote Dodge. "I have always considered him a high
minded brave and honorable Gentleman ....
he has filled several important Territorial offices with
great credit to himself before his Election as Dele
gate to congress and in that Capacity by his unre-
mitted effort and industry to serve the people of the
Territory he has gained their confidence in a great de
gree". — From a manuscript letter in the Historical
Department at Des Moines, Iowa, printed in the An
nals of Iowa, 3rd Series, Vol. Ill, p. 398.

207 prom a letter in the Historical Department at

NOTES AND REFERENCES 237

Des Moines, Iowa, printed in the Annals of Iowa, 3rd
Series, Vol. Ill, pp. 398, 399.

CHAPTER XI

208 Journal of the Council, First Session of the Sec
ond Legislative Assembly of Wisconsin, pp. 6-15.

209 Quoted from Ebenezer Childs's Recollections of
Wisconsin Since 1820 in the Wisconsin Historical
Collections, Vol. IV, p. 191.

210 prom the message of January 22, 1839, printed
in the Journal of the Council, Second Session of the
Second Legislative Assembly of Wisconsin, pp. 8-10.

211 J. R. Poinsett to Governor Henry Dodge, Febru
ary 14, 1839. — Printed in the Appendix to the Jour
nal of the Council of the Second Session of the Second
Legislative Assembly of Wisconsin, pp. 339, 340.

212 From the regulations of March 23, 1839, by Sec
retary of War Poinsett for the payment of annuities
and the execution of treaty stipulations. — Found in
the Papers of George Boyd (Indian Agent at Green
Bay), Vol. VI.

213 Found in the Madison Express, Vol. I, No. 14,
March 7, 1840.

214 Strong's History of Wisconsin Territory, pp.
292-297.

The vote at this election resulted as follows: Doty,
2,125; Killbourn, 1,158; and Burnett, 861.

215 Journal of the Council, Third Session of the Sec
ond Legislative Assembly of Wisconsin, pp. 6-19.

238 HENRY DODGE

216 Madison Express, Vol. I, No. 2, December 7,
1839.

21T Strong's History of Wisconsin Territory, p. 346.
CHAPTER XII

218 Strong's History of Wisconsin Territory, pp.
351, 352.

219 Congressional Globe, 2nd Session, 27th Congress,
pp. 1, 2.

220 Congressional Globe, 2nd Session, 27th Congress,
p. 106.

221 Congressional Globe, 2nd Session, 27th Congress,
pp. 754, 755.

222 Congressional Globe, 2nd Session, 27th Congress,
Appendix, pp. 668, 669.

223 A clear and judicial account of this controversy
written by a most competent hand is found in
Strong's History of Wisconsin Territory, pp. 386-398.

224 The debate on this resolution is to be found in
the Congressional Globe, 2nd Session, 27th Congress,
p. 501, also in the Appendix to the same, pp. 277-281
and 354-356.

Representative Medill in concluding his speech
said: — "The name of GENERAL DODGE is identified
with the history and glory of the West, and will ever
be held in grateful remembrance by a people whom
his chivalry and valor have defended from cruelty
and death. Selected for that purpose by President
Jackson, he explored the vast regions of wilderness

NOTES AND REFERENCES 239

on this side the Oregon, at the head of his invincible
dragoons; visited and entered into treaties of ainity
with numerous tribes of Indians hitherto unknown;
released the whites that were found in captivity, and
restored peace, order, and quietude upon the whole
line of the frontier. His extraordinary services and
signal success drew from General Gaines, the com
mander of the division, a letter recommending him to
the notice of Congress, and suggesting that a sword
be presented him as a token of the national gratitude.
Honored and esteemed by the people, though pro
scribed by the President, he was chosen by the citi
zens of Wisconsin to represent their interests upon
this floor, where he has again had the pleasure of
meeting one of those sons who fought by his side at
Wisconsin Heights, and who has been honored with a
similar trust from the Territory of Iowa. Such is an
example of the ' reform' which is practised by this
Administration. ' '

225 From a letter to George W. Jones, dated June
14, 1842, found in the Historical Department at Des
Moines, Iowa.

226 Reports of Committees, 2nd Session, 27th Con
gress, Vol. IV, Document 897.

227 Letter found in the Moses M. Strong Collection
of Letters in the Library of the Wisconsin State His
torical Society.

228 Strong's History of Wisconsin Territory, p. 398.

229 From a letter dated June 14, 1842, found in the
Historical Department at Des Moines, Iowa.

230 United States Statutes at Large, Vol. V, p. 748.

240 HENRY DODGE

text 0£ this speech is to be found in the
National Intelligencer (Washington), Vol. XLV, No.
6438, March 28, 1844. Portions thereof are also print
ed in the Congressional Globe, 1st Session, 28th Con
gress, p. 422 ; and in Salter's Henry Dodge in the Iowa
Historical Record, Vol XIV, No. 3, pp. 296-300.

232 Congressional Globe, 2nd Session, 28th Congress,
p. 325.

CHAPTEE XIII

233 " On the 13th of May, 1845, Hon. Henry Dodge
was appointed Governor of the Territory in place of
Nathaniel P. Tallmadge removed, being thus restored
to the place from which in 1841, he had been removed
by President Tyler to give place to James D. Doty."

— Strong's History of Wisconsin Territory, p. 479.

234 These two extracts are quoted from The Diary of
James K. Polk During his Presidency, 1845 to 1849,
edited by Milo Milton Quaife, Vol. I, pp. 56-59. In
this diary the President usually speaks of himself in
the third person.

235 Mineral Point Democrat, Vol. I, Nos. 5, 9, May 9
and June 6, 1845.

236 A list of the members of the Council and of the
House of Representatives for this session is printed
in Strong's History of Wisconsin Territory, pp. 487,
488.

237 printed in the Journal of the Council, Fourth
Session of the Fourth Legislative Assembly of Wis
consin, pp. 12-22.

NOTES AND REFERENCES

241

238 Strong's History of Wisconsin Territory, pp.
490-508.

239 Strong 's History of Wisconsin Territory, pp.
490, 491.

240 Strong's History of Wisconsin Territory, pp.
509-512, 526.

241 Journal of the House of Representatives, First
Session of the Fifth Legislative Assembly of Wiscon
sin, pp. 11-18.

242 Donaldson's The Public Domain, p. 255.

243 Strong's History of Wisconsin Territory, pp.
532-550.

244 The history of this Constitution is taken prin
cipally from Strong's History of Wisconsin Terri
tory, pp. 561-583.

45 Journal of the House of Representatives, Second
Session of the Fifth Legislative Assembly of Wiscon
sin, pp. 12-18.

246 Poore 's Charters and Constitutions, Part II, pp.
2047-2049.

247 On July 20, 1848, Henry Dodge wrote to John
Catlin and quoted with approval a letter by Secretary
of State James Buchanan who held that the laws of
the Territory of Wisconsin remained in force in that
part of the Northwest Territory from which Wiscon
sin had been detached. It was believed that Congress
would not leave the people of this region (now a part
of the State of Minnesota) outside the pale of laws
and government.— Found in the Catlin Papers in the
library of the Wisconsin Historical Society.

16

242 HENRY DODGE

248 A treatment of the administrations of the Terri
torial Governors of the Old Northwest is to be found
in McCarty's The Territorial Governors of the Old
Northwest, published by The State Historical Society
of Iowa.

commonwealths formed out of
the Territory Northwest of the River Ohio, with their
thirteen and a half millions of population; their ma
terial, intellectual, and moral resources; their vast
wealth of achievements and still vaster wealth of pos
sibilities, are the grandest testimonial to the Ordi
nance of 1787, to the men who framed it, and to the
pioneers who laid their foundations. ' '- - Hinsdale 's
The Old Northwest, pp. 333, 334.

CHAPTEE XIV

250 Journal of the Senate, First Legislature of Wis
consin, p. 21. The full vote stood : Walker, 61 ; Dodge,
60 ; Whiton, 17 ; Collins, 18 ; William S. Hamilton, 1 ;
John H. Tweedy, 1.

251 Congressional Globe, 1st Session, 30th Congress,
p. 870.

' ' FRIDAY, 23rd June, 1848. — I was in my office this
morning. Many persons called. Among others Gen'l
H. Dodge, one of the recently elected Senators in
Congress from the State of Wisconsin, called." —
From The Diary of James K. Polk During his Presi
dency, 1845 to 1849, edited by Milo Milton Quaife,
Vol. Ill, p. 498.

252Benton's Thirty Years' View, Vol. II, p. 723.

NOTES AND REFERENCES 243

53 Shepard 's Van Buren (Standard Library Edi
tion), p. 427.

254Salter's Henry Dodge in the Iowa Historical
Record, Vol. XIV, No. 3, p. 304.

235 Congressional Globe, 1st Session, 31st Congress,
pp. 762, 763.

256 Senator James A. Pearce was appointed in
Dodge's place on the committee which subpoenaed
witnesses and collected evidence. On July 30th they
made a report, accompanied by an appendix contain
ing in 135 pages, the full record of the sittings of the
committee. No action was recommended by the com
mittee who, nevertheless, felt bound to say that "the
whole scene was most discreditable to the Senate ' ' and
that the practice of carrying arms in the Senate
chamber could not be too strongly condemned. —
Senate Reports, 1st Session, 31st Congress, Vol. I,
Doc. No. 170.

257 Congressional Globe, 1st Session, 30th Congress,
p. 1002.

258 Senate Journal, 1st Session, 31st Congress, pp.
543, 557, 561, 583, 637.

259 Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. VII, pp.
378, 379.

260 Congressional Globe, 2nd Session, 31st Congress,
p. 212.

261 Journal of the Assembly, Third Annual Session
of the Legislature of Wisconsin, pp. 97, 98.

262 Congressional Globe, 1st Session, 33rd Congress,
p. 532.

244 HENRY DODGE

263 Congressional Globe, 1st Session, 34th Congress,
Appendix, p. 805.

CHAPTER XV

264 Salter 's Henry Dodge in the Iowa Historical
Record, Vol. XIV, No. 3, p. 304.

265 Of the thirteen children born to Henry Dodge
eight or nine grew to maturity. The fourth child,
Henry Lafayette, who served with his father in the
Black Hawk War, was burned at the stake in Arizona
Territory in 1856 by the Apache Indians. Augustus
Caesar, the fifth child, was a contemporary colleague
of his father for six years in the United States Senate.
Christiana Helen, the tenth child, became the wife of
James Clarke, the last Governor of the Territory of
Iowa.

266 Letter by J. S. Gallagher to Benj. B. Gallagher,
dated August 31, 1832, at Fort Armstrong. Found
in the Gallagher Collection of Letters in the Library
of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin.

287 From a speech by Augustus Caesar Dodge on
the Kansas-Nebraska Bill. — Congressional Globe, 1st
Session, 33rd Congress, Appendix, pp. 375-383.

268 jrrom a letter to Captain Linn dated at Wash
ington, January 26, 1833, reprinted from the Van-
dalia Whig in the Illinois Advocate, Vol. II, No. 27,
March 2, 1833.

269 Section VII of the Organic Act of the Territory
of Iowa.

NOTES AND REFERENCES 245

270 Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. V, pp. 173-
177.

271 Dodge's Tristram Dodge and Descendants, pp.
166, 167.

272 Salter's Henry Dodge in the loiva Historical
Record, Vol. XIV, No. 3, pp. 308, 309.

273 Acts, xiii, 36.

INDEX

247

INDEX

Adams, Charles Francis, nomina
tion of, for Vice President, 186

Adams, John Quincy, purpose of
amendment by, 170; withdrawal
of amendment by, 170; Indians
pardoned by, 217

Africa, visit of Dodge to, 3

Aldrich, Charles, letter to, 214

Alexander, Milton K., 49, 61, 64;
pursuit of Black Hawk by, 60;
position of, in order of battle, 63

Alleghanies, 12

America, coming of Tristram
Dodge to, 1

American House (Madison), con
vening of Legislative Assembly
in, 148; political headquarters at,
148. 149

Angry Man, meeting of, with Dra
goons, 116, 117; conference of,
with Dodge, 117; Dodge invited
to lodge of, 117; council held at
lodge of, 118, 119; statement by,
119

Anti-slavery Whigs, 186

Apache Indians, son of Henry
Dodge burned at stake by, 244

Appanoose, presence of, in council,
135

Apple River, 52

Arapaho Indians, 118, 119, 123;
encampment of, on Arkansas Riv
er, 122, 123

Arbuckle, Colonel, garrison com
manded by, 68, 87, 88

Arickara Indians, collecting of, by
Captain Gantt, 119, 120; de
scription of, 120; number of,
120; replies of chiefs of, 121;
gift from chief of, to Dodge, 121;
presents given by, 125 ; arrival
of, at Cheyenne village, 125

Arizona Territory, 244

Arkansas, 89

Arkansas River, fort on, 71; ref
erence to, 95, 113, 124, 125;
encampment on, 122 ; marches
along, 123, 126

Arkansas Territory, fort in, 68;
reference to, 87, 88

Arnold, Jonathan E., campaign of
Dodge against, 158

Arrow Rock, crossing of Missouri
River at, 24

Ashley, Mr., appointment of Dodge
urged by, 130

Assembly Hall, meeting of Legis
lative Assembly in, 149 ; condi
tions surrounding legislators in
149

Atkinson, Henry, arrival of, at Ga
lena ; cooperation of Dodge with,
42 ; march of forces of, 43 ; ref
erence to, 48, 49, 56, 61; action
of, with regard to Illinois inva
sion, 50; order by, 52, 75; con
ference of Dodge with, 55 ; re
port of Dodge to, 57-59, 73, 74;
pursuit of Black Hawk by, 60;
order of battle arranged by, 63;
service rendered to, 65 ; warning
sent to, 65

Axe, chief of Pawnee Loups, 118

Bad Axe, Battle of, 45, 49, 222;

account of, 63-65 ; participants

in, 64; Atkinson's report of, 64;

results of, 64, 65
Bad Axe River, 41; discovery of

Black Hawk near, 63
Banks, incorporation of, 138; in
vestigation of, urged by Dodge,

147; attitude of Dodge toward.

155 ; constitutional restriction on,

181
Barnburners, convention held by,

185; nominations by, 185, 186*
Barton, David, 23, 27
Bean, Jesse, instructions to, 71
Beatte, speech by, 105 ; killing of

buffalo by, 110
Beardstown (Illinois), assembling

of militia at, 47, 50 ; march of

forces from, 50
Beekes, Benjamin V., location of

company of, 70; orders to, 73;

demand for discharge of company

of, 77, 78; furlough granted to,

78
Bellevue, claim of, for Territorial

capital, 138
Belmont, convening of Legislative

Assembly at. 136: description of,

136, 137; reference to, 140, 165

249

1250

INDEX

Beloit (Wisconsin), 59; appropri
ation for improvement of road to,
170

Beloit College, incorporation of, 177

Bent, Mr., fort of St. Vrain and,
123 ; trade carried on by, 123

Benton, Thomas H., credentials of
Dodge presented by, 185 ; person
al friendship between Dodge and,
186, 196; results of debate be
tween Foote and, 187; differences
between Dodge and, 196

Big Elk, friendly attitude of, 116;
character of, 116

Black Hawk, 22, 54; sketch of life
of, 45, 219; validity of treaty de
nied by, 46 ; crossing of Missis
sippi by, 46 ; burning of village
of, 47; desire of, for peace, 47;
command of, in Black Hawk War,
49; wrath of, against whites, 49;
messengers sent to, 50; pursuit
of, 50, 60-63 ; movements of band
of, 52 ; crossing of, into Michigan
Territory, 59; encampments of,
61; discovery of, 63; Indian at
tack led by, 63 ; capture of, 65,
224; silence of, in council, 135;
character of, 217

Black Hawk Purchase treaty, sign
ing of, by Dodge, 71 ; importance
of, 71, 72

Black Hawk War, 2, 36, 44, 186,
244; Dodge's services in, 45, 49-
66. 83, 199; beginning of, 47,
48 ; numbers engaged in, 49 ;
principal engagements of, 49 ;
causes of, 49; most disastrous
encounter of, 51; account of, in
newspapers, 51, 52; termination
of, 65; cost of, 65; effect of, on
migration, 65, 66 ; applications
for pensions for service in, 189;
sources on. 218-220; sketch rel
ative to, 222 ; activities of Lang-
worthys in, 222

Black Dog, Osage Indians under
command of, 96

Black River, 222

Blackfoot Indians, 123

Block, Adrian, discovery of "Block
Eylandt" by, 1

Block Island, discovery of, 1; first
settlers of, 1 ; land on, sold by
Dodge, 2 ; history of, 207

Blue Mound Fort, 55

Blue Mounds, 60, 63

Blue-coat, chief of Pawnee Repub
lics, 117, 118

"Bonne Homme" settlement, mar
riage of Dodge in, 14

Boone, Daniel M., 23 ; support of
Dodge by, 25

Boone, Nathan, 27 ; instructions to.
70, 71, 72

Boone Lick Settlement, Indian at
tacks on, 22 ; reference to, 23 ;
arrival of Dodge's force at, 24

Boston, arrival of Dodge at, 7

Bracken, Charles, 31

Brandywine, Battle of, Dodge in,
4 ; reference to. 10

Brant, I. B., 78

Brigham, Ebenezer, 31

British, capture of Dodge by, 6;
Black Hawk in service of, 45

British Band of Rock River, 47

British traders, Indians aroused
by, 21, 22

Brown County (Wisconsin), Rep
resentative from, 235

Browne, Jesse B., location of com
pany of, 70 ; reports to be sent
by, 72 ; instructions to. 72, 73,
78; reference to, 96, 230

Buchanan, James, 241

Buffalo (New York), National Free
Soil Convention held at, 186; de
scription of journey from, 227

Buffalo, hunting of, taught Dra
goons, 90; killing of, 109, 110,
126; last sight of, by Dragoons,
110; first herd of, seen by Dra
goons, 119

Buffalo Grove (Illinois), 52; In-
dian murders near, 54

Bull Run, Battle of, prototype of,
51

Bullett, George, assurance of friend
ship by, 106

Burlington (Iowa), 30; claim of,
for Territorial capital, 138; leg
islative sessions held at, 139, 140,
143 ; hospitality provided by,
140; home of Augustus Caesar
Dodge at, 193; death of Christi
ana Dodge at, 193 ; death of
Henry Dodge at, 193 ; monument
to Dodge at, 204

Burnett, Thomas P., independent
candidacy of, for Delegate, 154;
vote for, 237

Burr, Aaron, conspiracy of, 18, 19

Calhoun, John C., 186

California, bill for admission of,
188

Camanche Indians, 95, 102; ar
rival of, at Dodge's camp. 97,
98, 101, 106; character of, 98;
arrival of Dodge at camp of, 98 ;
council held with, 107, 108, 111;
Dodge accompanied by represen
tative of, 108, 109

Camanche village, location of, 94

Camp Jackson, permanent quarters

INDEX

251

of Dragoons at, 89 ; escort sent
from, 91; arrival of Leaven worth
at, 91 ; arrival of troops at, 92 ;
reference to, 229

Camp Leavenworth, troops left at,
97

Campbell, Mr., murder of, by In
dians, 25

Canterbury (Connecticut), removal
of Dodge to, 2 ; reference to, 3

Canada, loyalty of Black Hawk to,
45

Cape Girardeau (Missouri), 23

Capital, Territorial, contest for lo
cation of, 138

Capitol (Iowa), building stone for,
10

Capitol (Wisconsin), bust of Dodge
in Governor's room of, 204

Carlisle (Pennsylvania), Hunter
family at, 4

Cass, Lewis, memorial addressed to,
36, 37; Indian uprising prevent
ed by, 44 ; praise of Dodge by,
112; reference to, 132, 144, 186:
Kansas-Nebraska Bill supported
by, 191; report by, 230; praise
of Dragoons by, 232

Cassville, claim of, for Territorial
capital, 138

Catlin, George, expedition accom
panied by, 95; description of In
dian council by, 101, 135; refer
ence to, 102; praise of Dragoon
campaign by. 112; contribution
of. relative to Indians, 230

Catlin, John, letter of Dodge to,
241

Chaetar, Black Hawk captured by,
224

Chambers, John, 200

Chase, Salmon P , Kansas-Nebraska
Bill opposed by, 190. 191

Cherokee Indians, relations of, with
Dragoons, 89; expedition joined
by, 95 ; reference to, 105 ; coun
cil held with, 111

Cheyenne Indians, 118, 119; vil
lages of, 123 ; fondness of, for
whiskey, 123 ; supposed attack
on, 124; presents given and re
ceived by, 125

Chicago, 70, 162

Chicago Historical Society, 220

Childs, Ebenezer, 235

Chippewa County (Wisconsin),
failure of, to elect delegate, 178

Chippewa Indians, treaty with, 39,
215; maintenance of peace with,
91; messengers sent to, 139; as
sembling of, for grand council,
139, 140; habits of, 153

Choctaw Indians, council held with,
111

Cholera, ravages of, among rangers,
69

Chouteau, Auguste, 27

Clark, George Rogers, capture of
forts by, 5, 6, 13

Clark, William, militia organized by,
22; reference to, 27, 32, 132

Clark County (Missouri), 207

Clarke, James, marriage of, to
Christiana Helen Dodge, 244

Clay, Henry, Dodge a pall-bearer at
funeral of, 186

Clayton, P., letter from, 225

Clyman, James, detachment under,
78

Colchester (Connecticut), removal
of Dodge to, 2

Collins, Alexander L., candidacy of,
for Senator, 185 ; vote for, 242

Colonies, revolt of. 3

Colorado, march through, 113

Commerce, Committee on, service of
Dodge on, 190

Company I (Dragoons), chronicler
of, 110

Congress, 7, 80, 164, 175, 194; pe
titions to, 67, 128, 129. 180;
prevention of favorable action by,
129; acts passed by, 134, 179;
memorials to, urged by Dodge,
137, 146, 147, 148, 155, 176,
177; agitation for new Territory
in, 143 ; law permitted by. 146 ;
veto power limited by act of, 150 ;
appropriation made by, 150, 163 ;
recommendation for memorial to,
156; sixth census authorized by,
156; attitude of, toward Terri
tory of Wisconsin, 169; services
of Dodge in, 172, 197

Congress of the Confederation,
ideals formulated by, 183, 184

Connecticut, 3

Constitution (Wisconsin), appor
tionment of delegates for framing
of, 178; drafting of. 179; sub
mission of, to vote of people, 179;
campaign against, 181; objection
able features of, 181; defeat of,
181; adoption of, 182; history of,
241

Constitutional Convention (Wiscon
sin), provision for second, 182;
adjournment of, 182

Cook, Nathaniel, 23, 27

Cooke, Philip St. George, 83

Cooper, Benjamin, 23

Cooper, Sarshall, 23, 26; threat of,
25

Cooper County (Missouri). 22

Corporations, attitude of Dodge to
ward, 155

Council (Wisconsin Territory),
number of members of, 175; "at-

INDEX

tack on Constitution in, 181; list

of members of, 240
Craig, James, 222
Crawford County (Wisconsin),

troops furnished by, 180
Creek Indians, relations of. with

Dragoons, 89; reference to, 105
Crittenden, Thomas T., duel be
tween Fenwick and, 20
Cruson, Thomas, 175
Currency, condition of, in West,

155
Cutler, Lieutenant Colonel, garrison

commanded by, 68

Danville (Illinois), winter quarters
near, 72

Daugherty, Mr., 23

Davenport, Colonel, life of Black
Hawk based on statements of,
219

Davenport (Iowa), treaty signed on
present site of, 71, 133, 134

Davis, Jefferson, 83 ; opposition of,
to Dodge, 92; service of, with
Dragoons, 186

Decorah, One-eyed, Black Hawk
captured by, 229

Defiance (Wisconsin), 55

Delaware Indians, expedition joined
by, 95; assurance of friendship
of, 106

Delegate to Congress, campaign for
election of, 153, 154; career of
Dodge as, 158-171

Democrats, nominee of, for Dele
gate to Congress, 154; charges
against, 157; nomination of
Dodge by, 158; sentiment of,
with regard to appointment of
Dodge, 173

Demoine County (Territory of Wis
consin), population of, 131

Denver (Colorado). 234

Denver and Rio Grande Railroad,
route of, 234

Des Moines County (original Ter
ritory of Wisconsin), 139

Des Moines River, passing of rapids
of, 30

Detroit, captivity of Dodge at, 6;
reference to, 35, 36

Dewey, Nelson, 175

Dickinson, Daniel S., 187

Distribution Act, 179

District of Columbia, bill for sup
pression of slave trade in, 188
' Divorce, laws relative to, 178

Dixon's Ferry, 50, 74 ; arrival of
Dodge at, 52, 53

Dodge, Augustus Caesar, statement
by. 29. 53, 198; reference to, 52,
244 : Delegate from Territory of
Iowa, 159; attitude of, toward

duty on lead, 161; results of ef
forts of, in behalf of Iowa, 168;
Kansas-Nebraska Bill supported
by, 191; home of, 193; speech
by, 207, 244; comment relative
to, 213, 214

Dodge, Christiana, death of, 193 ;
marriage of, 244

Dodge, Henry, ancestry and early
life of, 1 ; birth of, 13 ; early boy
hood of, 13 ; incident in early
life of. 13, 14; removal of, to Ste.
Genevieve, 14; early activities of.
14; marriage of, to Christina
McDonald, 14, 15 ; service of, as
Deputy Sheriff, 15 ; character of
life of, 16 ; part of, in history of
Missouri, 16 ; residence of. in
Missouri, 17, 196; indictment of,
17, 19; service of, as Sheriff, 17,
18 ; sessions of court held at
home of, 18; executions during
administration of, 18; connec
tion of, with Burr expedition, 19 :
grand jury whipped by, 19, 20:
trustee of Academy, 20 ; part of.
in duel, 20; appointment of, as
Marshal, 20: military rank of,
21; commissions of, 21, 22, 52,
67, 210-213; force under com
mand of, 23, 41, 42; march of,
24, 42, 43, 97-100; lives of In
dians saved by, 25, 43; part of,
in War of 1812, 26; capacity of,
for treaty-making, 26, 27; trea
ties made by, 27, 34, 71, 132,
133, 134. 135; lead-mining ac
tivities of, 27, 28-38, 214, 215;
orders to, 23, 75, 91; delegate to
constitutional convention, 27; ac
tivity of, in salt-making. 28, 29;
migration of, 29, 40; burial-
place of, 30 ; location of, near
Dodgeville, 31; friendly relations
of, with Indians, 31; smelter
built by, 31; fortified position of,
33; refusal of, to leave mining
region, 34; shipment of lead by,
34; purchase of Indian lands by,
34; influence of, in lead region.
35; statement by, 35, 56, 236;
election of, to Council, 36; views
of, concerning division of Michi
gan Territory, 36, 37; mining in
dustry abandoned by, 38; begin
ning of military career of, 39;
arrival of, at Galena, 41; cooper
ation of, with Atkinson, 42 : fron
tier protection urged by. 44 ; ref
erence to, 45, 48, 77, 94, 96, 140,
224, 242 ; command of, in Black
Hawk War, 49; letter to, 52, 72,
167, 225, 237; expedition of,
52, 53, 54. 94-112, 113; ar-

INDEX

253

rival of, at Dixon's Ferry, 52,
53 ; arrival of, at Fort Union, 53,
56, 57 ; headquarters of, 53 ;
counsel given by, 54, 124, 125 ;
return of, to headquarters, 54;
raising of troops by, 54; release
of prisoners secured by, 54; ac
tivities of troops under, 54, 55 ;
character of troops under, 55 ;
speech by, 55, 101-104, 120, 121,
192, 240; conference of, with At
kinson, 55; arrival of, at Fort
Hamilton, 57; encounter of, with
Indians, 57; report of battle of
Pecatonica by, 57-59; activities
of, at Galena, 59, 60; pursuit of
Black Hawk by, 60-63: Indians
overtaken by, 61, 62 : position of,
in order of battle, 63 ; losses in
battalion under, 64 ; arrival of,
at Fort Crawford, 65 ; service
rendered by, to Atkinson, 65 ;
command of, in Black Hawk War,
66; service of, in Black Hawk
War, 66, 199; service of, with
Mounted Rangers, 67-79; mili
tary record of, 67, 80, 130; sal
ary of. as Major, 69 ; command
of Rangers by, 70; orders by,

72, 73, 74, 78 ; reports to be sent
to, 72 ; report of, to Atkinson,

73, 74: letter from, 74. 81, 82,
142, 143, 165, 166, 169. 215,
226, 227, 230, 232, 233, 234,
235, 236, 241; meeting of, with
Winnebago chiefs, 74; approval
of movements of, by Atkinson,
75 ; search of. for Indian mur
derers, 75, 76 ; talk by, to Win
nebago chiefs, 76; furlough grant
ed by, 78; service of, as Colonel
of Dragoons, 80-93 ; appointment
of, as Colonel of Dragoons, 80 ;
assistance of, in organizing Dra
goons, 81; titles of, 81, 199; de
scription of, by Dragoon, 83 ;
quarters of, 84 ; order issued up
on recommendation of, 86 ; com
mand of Dragoons assumed by.
86, 87; report of, concerning
Fort Gibson, 87, 88; orders
awaited by, 89; views of, pre
sented to Jones, 89, 90; division
of Dragoons recommended by,
90 ; account of, concerning Dra
goons, 91, 92 ; opposition of Ma
son and Davis to, 92 ; arrival of
Camanches at camp of, 97, 98;
arrival of, at Camanche camp,
98; encampment of, 100; council
held by, 101-108. 106, 107, 111,
115, 116, 118, 119, 123, 124,
125 : exchange of captives made
by, 103 ; meeting of, with Indian

chief, 104; assurances given to,
105; peace maintained by, 107;
return of Kiowa prisoner by, 107,
108; visit of chiefs to, 108; re
turn of, to Fort Gibson, 110; de
scription of Pawnee expedition
by, 111, 112; praise of, 112; de
parture of, from Fort Leaven -
worth, 113 ; provisions issued to
Omahas by, 116; conference of,
with Angry Man, 117; invitation
of, to lodge of Angry Man, 117;
assistance offered to, by Pawnees,
119; gift to, from Arickara chief.
121; presents distributed by, 121,
124 ; expressions of good will to
ward, 124; arrival of, at Chey
enne village, 124; Governor of
Original Territory of Wisconsin,
128-144; beginning of political
career of, 128; division of Terri
tory of Michigan urged by, 128;
interest of, in division of Michi
gan Territory, 129; qualifications
of, for governorship, 129; hopes
for governorship expressed by,
129, 130; appointment of, as
Governor, 130, 235, 240; oath of
office taken by, 130; area under
jurisdiction of, 130; period cov
ered by administration of, 130,
131; salary of, as Governor, 131;
veto power of, 131; qualifications
of, for Superintendent of Indian
Affairs, 131; census ordered by,
131; election called by, 131; ap
portionment of members of Legis
lative Assembly by, 131, 132; ac
tivities of, as Superintendent of
Indian Affairs, 132-136, 139.
140 ; views of, concerning land
cession, 133 ; Legislative Assem
bly convened by, 136; criticism
of, for choice of capital, 136,
137; attitude of, toward location
of capital, 138; suspected of
corruption and bargaining, 138;
journey of, to Fort Snelling, 139;
recommendations by, 141: mes
sage of, 141, 145-148, 154. 155,
156, 157, 175-177, 179, 180,
237; departure of, for Mineral
Point. 141, 142 ; editorial com
ment relative to, 142, 154; ad
ministrative activities of, 142 ;
desire of, for retirement, 142 ;
significance of administration of,
143 ; use of executive power by,
144 : character of administration
of. 144, 201. 202; Governor of
Wisconsin Territory, 145-157,
372-184; period of administra
tion of, 145 ; change in office
tenure urged by, 146 ; views of,

254

INDEX

concerning preemption rights for
lead miners, 148 ; correspondence
between War Department and,
150: duties of, as Superintendent
of Indian Affairs, 151-153, 200;
memorials forwarded by, 152 ; re
port of, to Commissioner of In
dian Affairs, 152; removal of
Winnebagoes urged by. 152 ; de
sire for continuance of adminis
tration of, 157; successor to,
157; career of, as Delegate, 158-
171; unanimous nomination of,
for Delegate to Congress, 158 ;
campaign of, against Arnold, 158:
vote cast for, 158, 242; oath of
office taken by, 158 ; salary and
duties of, as Delegate, 159, 160;
memorials sent to, 159 ; efforts of,
to secure legislation, 160 ; defense
of mining interests by, 160, 161 :
bill introduced by, 162 ; expen
ditures for harbor improvements
estimated by, 162 ; controversy
of, against Doty, 163-169; reso
lution by, 164; adoption of reso
lution of, 165 ; request of, for re
moval of Doty, 167, 168; results
of efforts of, as Delegate, 168 ;
appropriation secured by. 169,
170; protest of, against disband
ing of Dragoons, 170; attempt of,
to secure appropriation, 171; ex
perience gained by, 172 ; duties
of Governor resumed by, 172 ;
reasons for appointment of, 173;
attitude of, toward Tallmadge,
174; return of, to Mineral Point,
174; dinner tendered to, 174;
Dragoon escort of, 174; nomina
tions to office by, 177; bill rela
tive to Statehood signed by, 178;
apportionment of delegates to
Constitutional Convention by,
178 ; extra session of legislature
called by, 181, 182; Statehood
urged by, 182; comment of, on
Mexican War, 183 : end of exec
utive career of, 183 ; career of,
as Senator, 185-192 ; reward of,
for service, 185; election of, as
Senator, 185; credentials of, pre
sented, 185 ; expiration of term
of. 185 ; nomination of, for Vice
President, 185, 186; nomination
declined by, 186; pall-bearer at
funeral of Clay, 186; friendship
between Benton and, 187, 196;
interference of, in quarrel in
Senate. 187; attitude of, toward
disorder in Senate, 187, 188; at
titude of, toward slavery, 188,
196, 197 ; service of, on commit
tees. 190; reelection of, as Sena

tor, 190; attitude of, toward
Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 190, 191.
197; character and services of.
193-204; retirement of, 193; end
of secession and slavery wit
nessed by, 193 ; death of wife of,
193; death of, 193; versatile ca
reer of, 194 ; physical appearance
of, 194; literary style of, 194.
195; education of, 194; positive
elements in character of, 195 ; po
litical ideas of, 195, 196; differ
ences between Benton and, 196 :
slaves owned by, 196. 197; atti
tude of, toward public questions,
188 ; attitude of, toward compro
mise measures, 188, 189, 197;
adherence of, to instructions.
188, 189; petitions and memo
rials presented by, 189, 190; loy
alty of, to constituents, 197:
character of services of, in Con
gress, 197; capacities of. 197:
frontier life of, 197, 198,
199 ; violation of Federal laws
by, 198 ; unharmonious views
of, 198 ; attitude of, toward
nullification, 198, 199 ; con
tributions of, to western de
velopment, 199 ; career of, as
Territorial executive. 199; Indian
campaigns of, 199; knowledge of.
concerning Indian character.
199 ; zenith of public career
200 ; success of western expedi
tions of, 200 ; influence of, on
legislation, 201; use of veto pow
er by, 201; resolutions on death
of, 203; tribute to, 203, 204, 238,
239 ; recognition of services of,
204; bust of, 204; epitaph on
monument of, 204; sketches of.
207; incident connected with
birth of, 209; naming of, 209:
information furnished by, 213;
removal of, to Galena, 213, 214:
election of, as Chief Justice, 215:
enlistment of Langworthv under,
222 ; colors presented to, 223 ; re
ply of, 223 ; account of Battle of
Wisconsin Heights by 223, 224;
Military Order Book of, 225.
226 ; praise of command of, 232 :
burial of Dragoon directed by,
234; debate on resolution by.
238; removal of, 240; children
of, 244

Dodge, Henry L., son of Henry
Dodge, 214; service of, in Black
Hawk War, 244; death of. 244

Dodge, Israel, migrations of, 2;
reference to, 14

Dodge, Israel (father of Henry
Dodge), birth and early life of,

of.
ter,

of,
Jdi-

INDEX

255

3, 4 ; marriage of, 4 ; career of,
6; migrations of, 7, 8; service
of, under John Dodge, 7; pro
test against arrest made by, 7;
prosperity of, 8 ; contribution of,
9 ; petition of, 9 ; declaration
concerning petition of, 9 ; land
granted to, 10 ; shipments made
by, 10; attack on, by pirates, 10,
11; transfer of Louisiana wit
nessed by, 12 : appointment of.
as Sheriff, 12; death of, 13;
burial-place of. 13 ; reference to,
34

Dodge, Israel, 28

Dodge, John, birth of, 2 ; death of,
2

Dodge, John, birth of. 2 ; life of,
2, 3

Dodge, John, career of, 6 ; captiv
ity of, 6 ; arrival of, at Boston.
7 ; removal of, to Virginia, 7 ;
appointment of, as Indian Agent,
7 ; order for arrest given by, 7,
8 ; removal of, to Louisiana. 8 ;
settlement of, at New Bourbon,
8; activities of, in salt-making,
14; character of, 208

Dodge, Nancy Ann, 209 (See also
Nancy Ann Hunter)

Dodge, Tristram, coming of, to
America, 1 : reference to, 2

Dodge County (Wisconsin), 61

Dodge family, coming of, to Amer
ica, 1 ; westward migration of, 1,
2; descendants of, 207

Dodgeville (Wisconsin), settlement
of Dodge near, 31; smelting
works near, 53 ; reference to,
75, 78, 226; mines at, 214, 215

Doty. James Duane, nomination of,
for Delegate, 154 ; election of, as
Delegate, 154 ; appointment of,
as Governor of Wisconsin Terri
tory, 157; reference to, 158,
240 ; controversy of Legislative
Assembly and Dodge against,
163-169: appropriation entrust
ed to, 163. 164; failure of, to
render account, 164; charges
against, 164; arraignment of, by
Medill, 165; session of Legisla
tive Assembly declared illegal by,
166: violation of laws by,
167, 168; refusal of, to cooper
ate with Legislative Assembly,
167. 168; request of Dodge for
removal of. 167, 168 ; character
of administration of, 168; rea
sons for appointment of, 173 ;
defeat of, by Dodge, 190; ca
pacities of, 197; administration
of, 202 ; vote for. 237

Dougherty, Major, service of, on

Dragoon expedition, 114; dis
tribution of presents by, 119

Douglas, Stephen A., 186 ; Kansas-
Nebraska Bill supported by, 191

Dragoons, regiment of, created, 80 ;
composition of, 80, 82, 83, 113,
114; proposition to convert
Rangers into, 80, 81; orders for
enlistment of, 81; communica
tion of Dodge concerning, 81,
82 ; Ranger cat>tains enlisted in.
83; description of, 83, 84, 234;
conditions among, 84, 85; de
sertions among, 85 ; labor per
formed by, 85, 86 ; training of
horses for, 86; first battalion
parade of, 86 ; number of, 86 ;
command of, assumed by Dodge,
86, 87; march of, 87, 96, 97-
100, 108, 109, 113-127; arrival
of, at Fort Gibson, 87; supplies
purchased for, 88; permanent
quarters of, 89 ; description of
quarters of, 89 : relations of,
with Indians, 89 ; amusements
of, 89 ; division of, recommended
by Dodge, 90; account of, by
Dodge, 91, 92; description of
camp of, 92, 93 ; campaign of,
94 ; purpose of campaign of, 95 ;
Indians with expedition of, 95 ;
crossing of river by, 96; deple
tion of ranks of, 96, 99; arrival
of, at Pawnee village, 100; In
dian hospitalities enjoyed by,
100, 101; speed of. retarded,
109; return of, to Fort Gibson,
110; results of campaign of,
112; departure of, from Fort
Leaven worth, 113; meeting of
Jutan with, 115; welcome of, by
Oto Indians, 115; arrival of
Omahas at camp of, 116; arrival
of, at Pawnee village, 117; invi
tation of, to lodge of Angry Man,
117; first herd of buffalo seen
by, 119; purpose of expedition
of, 120 ; expressions of good will
toward, 124; effects of expedi
tion of. 125, 126, 127; loss of
life among, 127; reference to,
133, 186, 227, 228; request for,
150 ; proposition for disbanding
of, 170; attitude of Adams to
ward, 170; Dodge escorted by,
174; need for company of, 177;
description of country traversed
by, 228; lack of training in tac
tics among officers of, 229 ; de
scription of marches of, 230;
bartering of, with Indians, 231;
report of expedition of, 232 ;
route of expedition of. 233 ;
death of member of, 234

256

INDEX

Draper, Lyman C., notes by, 213

Drunkenness, prohibition of, 69,
70, 72

Dubuque, incorporation of Miners
Bank at, 138

Dubuque County (Wisconsin Ter
ritory), population of, 131;
claim of, for Territorial capital,
138

Duncan, Matthew, instructions to,
73; command under, 113

Dunlap's Ferry, crossing at, 126

Dutch (Cherokee Indian), assur
ances given by, 105

Edwards, James G., 236

Edwards, Ninian, 27

Elections, suggestions of Dodge rel
ative to, 156

Elm Grove, 126

English Prairie (Wisconsin),
march of troops to, 42

Ewing, L. D., Indians overtaken
by, 62

Fairchild, Lucius, tribute to Dodge
by, 203, 204

False Washita River, murder com
mitted on, 102

Falstaff, Jack, 83

Fenwick, Walter, duel between
Crittenden and, 20

Fever River, lead region of, 29 ;
reference to, 32

Florida, Territory of, Delegate
from, 159

Fond du Lac (Wisconsin), appro
priation for repair of road to,
169, 170

Foote, Henry S., results of debate
between Benton and, 187

Force, George, burial of, 60

Force Bill, attitude of Dodge to
ward, 198

Ford, Lemuel, death of Ranger in
company of, 69; instructions to,
70, 71, 72; command under.
113, 114

Ford, Thomas, statement by, 59;
reference to, 218, 219

Fort Armstrong, garrison of, 68

Fort Chartres, 20

Fort Crawford, gathering of forces
at, 41, 43 ; garrison of, 68 ; need
for Dragoons at, 177; withdraw
al of troops from, 180

Fort Dearborn, garrison of, 68

Fort Gibson, garrison of, 68 ;
troops ordered to, 70, 71, 72, 86;
arrival of Dragoons at, 87; ref
erence to, 89, 92, 94, 104; re
serve infantry at, 90 ; return of
Dragoons to, 109, 110; grand

council at, 111; story of march
es to, 227

Fort Hamilton, arrival of Dodge at,
57; assembling of forces at, 60

Fort Howard, appropriation for re
pair of road from, 169, 170

Fort Leavenworth, 26, 110, 133,
233; garrison of, 68; suggestion
for Dragoon headquarters at,
90; departure of Dragoons from.
113; arrival of Dragoons at, 126

Fort Madison, attacks on, 22 ; ref
erence to, 30; wintering of
Black Hawk near, 49, 50

Fort Snelling, garrison of, 68;
journey of Dodge to, 139

Fort Union, headquarters of Dodge
at, 53 ; arrival of Dodge at, 56,
57; reference to, 223

Fort Winnebago. erection of, 44;
troops dispatched to, 60. 61 ;
garrison at, 68 ; reference to, 70,
152 ; arrival of Dodge at, 75 ;
escape of Indian murderers
from, 75 ; Indian murderers
lodged at, 77; conditions among
Indians at, 139 ; need for Dra
goons at, 177

Four Lakes, 53, 75, 78; confer
ence held at, 74

Fox Indians, 151

Fox River, 71, 132, 148; sugges
tion for improvement of, 147,
190 ; appropriation for road to,
169; water route between Wis
consin River and, suggested by
Dodge, 176

France, retrocession of Louisiana
to, 12 ; struggle of, for posses
sion of Vincennes, 13

French, coming of, to Missouri, 28

Free Soil Convention, National,
meeting of, 186; composition of,
186; nominations by, 186

Frontier, service of Mounted
Rangers on, 67; petitions to
Congress from. 67; location of,
68; threatening attitude of In
dians on, 72 ; alarm caused by
Indians on, 73 ; cost of supplies
on, 90 ; march of Dragoons
through, 113 ; settlement of
Dodge on, 197, 198

Frontiersmen, restless character of,
6

Fry, Joshua W., service of, in re
moval of Indians, 77

Fugitive Slave Bill, opposition of
Dodge to, 188

Gagnier, Registre, murder of, 41
Gaines, Edmund P., command of
volunteers by, 47; signing of
treaty by, 47; statement of, 47;

INDEX

257

opinion of, concerning Rocky
Mountain expedition, 127; letter
from, 233; recognition of ser
vices of Dodge by, 239

Galena (Illinois), Dodge at, 30,
41; reference to, 31, 129, 223;
gathering of forces at, 41; de
scription of scenes at, 42 ; activ
ities of Dodge at, 59, 60; re
moval of Dodge to, 213, 214

Galenian, The, war news published
in, 66; publication of, 220

Gallagher, Benj. B., letter to, 244

Gallagher, J. S., letter by, 244

Gambling, prohibition of, 72

Gantt, Captain, service of, on
Dragoon expedition, 114; In
dians collected by, 119, 120,
123; reference to, 120

Gentry, James H., 53, 222

Ghent, treaty of, 26

Governor, career of Dodge as, 128-
144, 145-157, 172-184; powers
and salary of, 131; importance
of office of, 202, 203

Grand Island, 119

Grand River, 88

Grant County (Wisconsin), 42, 178

Gratiot, Adele P., 216

Gratiot, Henry, sub-agent of Win-
nebagoes, 53, 54

Gratiot's Grove, 55, 56

Great Britain, war declared
against, 21; reference to, 26

Great Lakes, 22

Green, Emerson, burial of, 60

Green Bay, 71, 147, 162; jealousy
of, 129; treaty concluded near,
132; Indians attached to Agency
at, 153; Indian agent at, 237

Grimes, James W., secretary of
treaty commission, 133

Gros Ventre Indians, 123

Hall, Rachel, abduction of, 54
Hall, Sylvia, abduction of, 54
Hamilton, Henry, Dodge held in
captivity by, 6; statement by,
208

Hamilton, William S., vote for, 242
Hamilton County (Nebraska), 116
Harrison, William Henry, appoint
ment of Dodge by, 12 ; reference
to, 132, 144

Heath, Charles, execution of, 18
Helena (Wisconsin), shipment of

lead from, 34
Hennepin (Illinois), 73
Henry, James D., 49. 64, 224: pur
suit of Black Hawk by 60-63;
Indians overtaken by, 61, 62;
position of, in order of battle,
63 ; location of company of, 70 ;
successor to, 73

17

Henry, Moses, naming of Dodge
for, 209

Henry, Patrick, confidence of, in
Dodge, 7

Herculaneum (Missouri), 28

Hickory Point, encampment «f
Dodge at, 55

Hildreth, James, letters by, 227

Historical Department of Iowa, list
of commissions of Dodge present
ed to, 21; letters in, 214, 239;
manuscript in possession of, 226

Horse Shoe Bend, Battle of, 59, 67

House of Representatives (United
States), oath of office taken by
Dodge in, 158; number of Dele
gates in, 158, 159; reference to,
164, 171 ; opinion of Dodge con
cerning members of, 169

House of Representatives (Wiscon
sin Territory), number of mem
bers of, 175; attack on Consti
tution in, 181 ; list of members
of, 240

Howard County (Missouri), 22

Hunter, David, 83

Hunter, Joseph, 4

Hunter, Molly, 4

Hunter, Nancy Ann, marriage of,
4 ; ancestry of, 4 ; incident in
life of, 4, 5; reference to, 14
(see also Nancy Ann Dodge)

Hutisford Rapids (Wisconsin), ar
rival of troops at, 61

Hyer, George, papers of, 223

Illinois, lead-mining in, 28 ; migra
tions from, to Missouri, 28; mi
grations from southern, 29 ; con
ditions in lead-mining region of,
30, 31; business relations of
miners with, 35 ; Indian troubles
in, 45; Black Hawk War in, 49,
59; invasion of, by Sac Indians,
50; last Indian war in, 65; cost
of Black Hawk War to, 65; mi
grations to, 65 ; threatening at
titude of Indians in, 72 ; alarm
among settlers of, 73 ; interest
of, in improvement of Missis
sippi, 148, 176; settlement of
Dodge on frontier of, 197, 198;
Governor of, 218, 219; roster of
troops from, 219

Illinois country, disagreements be
tween civil and military authori
ty in, 7

Illinois River, 39, 47, 73; terror
caused by Indians along, 51

Immigration, stimulation of, 5

Independence Day, Dodge inaugu
rated on, 130

Indian Affairs, Commissioner of,
report of Dodge to, 152

258

INDEX

Indian Agent, appointment of
Dodge as, 7

Indian Bureau, relation of Dodge
to, 152

Indiana, Governor of, 12 ; depar
ture of Bangers for, 78

"Indiana" (steamboat), 29

Indiana Territory, Missouri coun
try under jurisdiction of, 16;
reference to, 132

Indians, Dodge family in wars
with, 2 ; treachery of, 4 ; strug
gle of settlers with, 5 ; dangers
from, 9, 10, 21, 203; influence
of British traders upon, 21, 22;
lives of, saved by Dodge, 25, 26;
Dodge's knowledge of character
of, 26, 129, 199; friendly rela
tions of Dodge with, 31; desire
of Dodge for treaties with, 34;
relations of United States with,
39; disturbances among, 39;
treaties with, 39, 40, 71; diffi
culties between lead miners and,
40; terror caused by, 51; fear
of uprising of, 52 ; denuncia
tion of, 55 ; results of rav
ages of, 56; murders commit
ted by, 56, 57, 102; encoun
ter with, 57, 62, 63-65; effect of
uprisings of, 67; caravans pro
tected against, 73; effect of
Rangers in pacifying, 78 ; means
of maintaining peace with, 91;
Dragoons joined by, 95 ; council
of Dodge with. 101-108, 111,
113; effect of establishment of
peace among, 125, 126 ; displac
ing of, 133 ; opposition to loca
tion of, in Missouri, 133; set
tlers on the lands of, 135, 136:
drunkenness among, 139; plan
for redemption of, 153 ; refer
ence to, 170 ; memorials from
tribes of, 189 ; conditions in Il
linois due to, 224, 225

Internal improvements, memorial
relative to, urged by Dodge, 137,
147, 148, 176, 177, 179; effort
of Dodge to secure, 162, 163,
190 : appropriations for, 169,
170; petitions relative to, 189,
190

Iowa, building stone for capitol of.
10 ; part of original Territory of
Wisconsin, 130

Iowa, Territory of, act creating,
143 ; significance of Dodge's ad
ministration for, 143 ; tenures
provided in Organic Act of, 146 ;
interest of, in improvement of
Mississippi River, 148, 176;
reference to, 157, 200, 239, 244:
Delegate from, 159; results of

efforts of Dodge in behalf of,
168; conditions in, 181; last
Governor of, 244

Iowa, The State Historical Society
of, manuscript in library of,
220, 224; publication by, 242

Iowa country, jurisdiction of ordi
nance over, 144

Iowa County (Wisconsin), settle
ment of Dodge in, 31; Dodge in
militia of, 52 ; reference to, 136 ;
election of Dodge as Chief Jus
tice of, 215

Iowa County Regiment, 66

Jackson, Andrew, appointment of
Dodge by, 67, 80, 130; approval
of act by, 80 ; position of Dodge
in estimation of, 129 ; reference
to, 201, 238

Jacksonian Democracy, 195; devo
tion of Dodge to, 196

Jefferson Barracks headquarters
of Dragoons at, 81; arrival of
troops at, 82; description of.
84; arrival of troops from, 92;
description of journey to, 227

Jefferson, Thomas, confidence of, in
Dodge, 7; proclamation of, 19

Jefferson County (Missouri;, activ
ities of Dodge in, 29

Jo Daviess County (Illinois), ad
dress delivered by Dodge in, 55

Johnson, Peter, execution of, 18

Johnson, Richard M., appointment
of Dodge urged by, 130

Johnson, William C., attitude of,
toward duty on lead, 161

Johnson County (Nebraska), 233

Johnston, Albert Sidney, 64

Jones, George W., letter from
Dodge to, 111, 112, 129, 130.
142, 143, 169, 229, 239; ap
pointment of Dodge urged by,
130; appointment of, as Gover
nor urged by Dodge, 143 ; argu
ment of, for new Territory. 143 ;
letter by, 214; autobiography of.
220, 224; statement of Dodge
concerning, 236

Jones, Hugh, murder of, 18

Jones, Roger, views of Dodge pre
sented to. 89, 90; letter to, 227,
233

Judicial districts, creation of,
urged by Dodge, 147; establish
ment of, 177

Jutan (Oto Chief), meeting of,
with Dragoons, 115; description
of, 115

Kansas, march through, 113; atti
tude of Dodge toward admission
of, 191

INDEX

259

Kansas River, 126

Kansas-Nebraska Bill, opposition
to, 190, 191; attitude of Dodge
toward, 197; speech on, 244

Kaskaskia, capture of, 5 ; appoint
ment of Dodge as Indian Agent
at, 7; migration of Dodge to, 7;
migration of Dodge from, 8

Kearney, Stephen W., appointment
of, as recruiting officer, 82 ; ref
erence to, 96 ; arrival of, at Fort
Gibson, 110; praise of, by Cat-
lin, 112

Kellogg's Grove, 75

Kentucky, removal of Hunter fami
ly to, 4 ; fort in, 4 ; removal of
Dodge from, 8 ; early boyhood of
Dodge in, 13 ; migrations from,
29

Keokuk, chief of Sacs and Foxes,
134; impressive appearance of,
134, 135 ; attitude of, toward
Neapope, 135

Keokuk Reserve, treaties relative
to, 134; cost of, to United
States, 134; immigration into,
135

Kickapoo Indians, march across
reservation of, 114

Killbourn, Byron, nomination of,
for Delegate, 154; defeat of,
154; vote for, 237

Kingsbury, G. P., service of, as
journalist, 114; statement of,
concerning Pawnees, 118; Arick-
aras described by, 120; descrip
tion of march by, 121, 122, 126;
description of Cheyennes by,
123 ; effects of expedition de
scribed by, 125, 126; journal of,
233 ; description of Oto village
by, 233; description of Dragoons
by, 234

Kinzie, John H., sub-agent for
Winnebagoes, 75 ; arrival of, at
Fort Winnebago, 75 ; Indian
murderers delivered to, 77

Kiowa Indians, child restored to,
95, 107, 108; reference to, 98,
232 ; presence of, at council,
101; friendship of, desired by
Dodge, 106, 107; interruption of
council by, 107; council with,
107, 108, 111; Dodge accom
panied by, 108, 109

Kirker's Place, 55

Kish-kal-le-wa, 23, 26

Knowles, E. P., making of bust of
Dodge by, 204

LaFayette, Marquis de, 4
LaFayette County (Wisconsin), 57
Lake Michigan, 36; suggestion of
appropriation for harbors and

lighthouses on, 147, 176 ; scar
city of harbors on, 162 ; bill for
construction of harbors on 162 ;
length of coast of, 162 ; loss of
life from unprotected condition
of, 162, 163

Langworthy, Edward, activities of,
in Black Hawk War, 222

Langworthy, Lucius, activities of,
in Black Hawk War, 222

Lassus, Don Carlos Dehault de, 9,
12

Lead, importance of, in West, 28;
amount of, mined by Dodge, 32,
33 ; improved outlet for, 147

Lead miners, taxation of, 35 ; need
of protection for, 37; difficulties
between Indians and, 40;
amount of lead mined by, 160;
defense of interests of, by
Dodge, 160, 161

Lead mines, fame of Upper Missis
sippi, 29; immigration to, 44;
memorial relative to, urged by
Dodge, 176

Lead mining, activities of Dodge
in, 28-38

Lead trade, center of, 8

Leavenworth, Henry, command as
sumed by, 91; arrival of, at
Camp Jackson, 91; reference to,
96; death of, 110

Le Claire, Antoine, life of Black
Hawk based on statements of,
219

Leech, Samuel, participation of, in
Battle of Bad Axe, 64

Legislative Assembly (Michigan
Territory), 35; Iowa County
created by, 215

Legislative Assembly (original Ter
ritory of Wisconsin), 131; elec
tion and apportionment of mem
bers of, 131, 132; convening of
first, 136; laws enacted by, 137,
138, 141, 143; discussion of lo
cation of capital by, 138, 139;
convening of second, 140 ; inves
tigation of fire by committee of,
141; veto messages sent to, 141;
adjournment of, 141 ; discussion
in, concerning creation of new
Territory, 142, 143

Legislative Assembly (Wisconsin
Territory), sessions of, 145, 148,
156, 174, 175, 179, 181, 182.
183 ; recommendations of Dodge
to, 145, 148, 156, 173, 175-177;
Indian affairs discussed by, 150 ;
laws enacted by, 155, 156, 177,
178, 180; memorials and peti
tions from, 159; controversy be
tween Dodge and, against Doty,
163-169; failure of Doty to ren-

260

INDEX

der account to, 164; view of,
concerning appropriation, 164,
165 ; session of, declared illegal,
166; request of, for removal of
Doty, 166, 167; co-workers with
Dodge in, 175

Levy, David, Delegate from Terri
tory of Florida, 159

Liberty Party, 186

Linn, Captain, letter to, 244

Litcap, Solomon, murder of, 41

Little Chief, head of Pawnee Tap-
peiges, 118

Little Thunder, 223 ; reward re
ceived by, 224

Louisiana, removal of Dodge to, 8 ;
exports of, 8, 28; population of,
11; jurisdictions over, 11, 12;
transfer of, to United States, 12 ;
coming of Dodge to, 14

Louisiana, District of, Governor of,
12

Loutre Lick (Missouri), 23

Lowry, David, statement by, con
cerning redemption of Indians,
153

Lucas, Robert, 200

Lumber, improved outlet for, 147

Lupton, Lan. P., command under,
113

Luziere, Pierre de Lassus de, rec
ommendation of, 9

McClure, George W., death of, 110

McDonald, Christina, marriage of,
to Henry Dodge, 14, 15

McDonald family, settlement of,
near St. Louis', 8

Macomb, Major General, communi
cation from Dodge to, 74

Madison, James, commission of
Dodge signed by, 20

Madison (Wisconsin), 53; location
of Territorial capital at, 138;
convening of Legislative Assem
bly at, 145, 148, 175; constitu
tional convention at, 179, 182

Marcy, William L., request of, for
volunteer infantry, 180

Marsh, John, statement by, 33

Martin, Judge, murder of, 102

Martin, Matthew Wright, captivity
of, 102 ; surrender of, 102, 103 ;
delivery of, from captivity, 231

Martin, Morgan L., election of, to
Legislative Council, 36; account
of tour by, 214, 215

Mason, Richard B., 83, 84; com
mand of Dragoons by, 86 ; op
position of, to Dodge, 92

Mason, Stevens T., 144

Medill, William, arraignment of
Doty by, 165 ; tribute to Dodge
by, 238, 239

Menominee Indians, land ceded by,
132, 148; removal of, advised.
153

Menominee River, 132

Merryman, E. H., 223

Methode, Mr., murder of, 41

Mexican War, comment of Dodge
on, 183

Mexico, plan for annexation of, 18,
19; protection for trade with, 90

Mexico, City of, 183

Miami Bend (Missouri), Indians
surrounded in, 24

Miami Indians, location of,, by
Shawnee scouts, 24; surrender
of, 24 ; reference to, 26

Michigan, Territory of, lead-mining
in, 28; reference to, 31, 35,, 52,
68, 72, 132, 196; division of,
35, 37, 38, 128, 129; Delegate
from, 35; delegates to Legisla
tive Council of, 36; suppression
of Indian uprising in, 44 ; Black
Hawk in, 59; Governor of, 186

Militia, need for organization of,
137; recommendation of Dodge
relative to, 177, 180

Militia, Committee on, service of
Dodge on, 190

Milwaukee, incorporation of bank
at, 138; importance of good har
bor at, 147; harbor to be located
at, 162 ; reference to, 165 ; incor
poration of, 177; harbor at, rec
ommended by Dodge, 179, 180

Mineral Point (Wisconsin). Dodge
at, 72 ; oath of office taken by
Dodge at, 130; incorporation of
bank at, 138; departure of
Dodge for, 141, 142 ; investiga
tion of bank at, urged by Dodge,
155 ; return of Dodge to, 174 ;
celebration at, 215

Minnesota, 130; jurisdiction over
part of, 241

Mississippi River, shipments down,
by Dodge, 10; importance of
control of, 11, 12; reference to.
14, 20, 28, 40, 46, 47, 84, 120,
129, 130, 131 204, 222; activi
ties of British agents on, 22;
voyage of Dodge up, 30; cross
ing of, by Black Hawk's band,
50; threat to force Black Hawk
across, 50; discovery of Black
Hawk on, 63; fort on, 68; ces
sion of land west of. 71; need
for troops on, 90 ; members of
legislature of Wisconsin Terri
tory from west of, 132 ; Sacs and
Foxes encamped on, 134; jour
ney of Dodge to head of, 139 :
agitation for separate Territory
west of, 142, 143 ; improvements

INDEX

261

in navigation of, suggested, 147,
148, 176; plan to remove In
dians west of, 153 ; proposed
connection of, with St. Law
rence, 190

Mississippi Valley, frontier com
posed of, 68 ; reference to, 146

Missouri, early history of, 16 ; area
of, under jurisdiction of Terri
tory of Indiana, 16 ; part of, in
War with Great Britain, 21;
agitation for admission of, 27;
adoption of constitution of, 27;
lead-mining in, 28; early migra
tions into, 28; migrations from,
29 ; business relations of miners
with, 35 ; migration of Dodge
from, 40; reference to, 87, 89,
90, 91; cession of land in, 133;
region added to, 134 ; disputed
boundary of, 141; plan for re
moval of Indians to, 153 ; resi
dence of Dodge in, 196

Missouri, Territory of, Delegate
from, 20; creation of, 20; ap
pointment of Dodge as Marshal
for, 20; militia of, 22, 213; ref
erence to, 132

Missouri Fulton (steamboat), 134

Missouri River, 23. 116, 133;
crossing of, by Dodge, 24 ; Arick-
ara Indians located on, 120

Money, description of, in early
days, 29

Monopolies, attitude of Dodge to
ward, 155

Monpisha. assurance of friendship
by, 105, 106

Monroe, James, commission of
Dodge signed by, 20

Montrose (Iowa), 30

Morrison, James, farm of, 55 ; ref
erence to, 149

Mounted Rangers, creation of, 67 ;
commission of Dodge as Major
of, 67; operations of, 67; service
of Dodge as Major of, 67-79; ex
pense of maintenance of, 68, 69;
organization of companies of, 69 ;
camp of, established, 69 ; cholera
epidemic in camp of, 69 ; victims
of cholera among, 70 ; disposi
tion of, on frontier, 70 ; direc
tion of movements of, 74 ; ar
rival of Dodge at camp of, 75 ;
discharge of, 77, 78 ; end of his
tory of, 78 ; service of, 78 ; refer
ence to, 80, 81; captains of, en
listed in Dragoons, 83

Munsee Indians, 153

Muscoda (Wisconsin), 42

Muskogee County (Oklahoma), 87

Na-kour-me, 23

Napoleon, cession of Louisiana by,
12

Neapope, 49; silence of, in council,
135; capture of, 224

Nebraska, march through, 113,
114; reference to, 116

Neinaha County (Nebraska), 233

Nemaha River, 114

Neutral Strip, reluctance of In
dians to remove to, 151

New Bourbon (Missouri), settle
ment of Dodge at, 8 ; request of
officials of, 8, 9 ; reference to, 9

New London (Connecticut), Israel
Dodge at, 2

New Madrid (Missouri), 19

New Orleans, 10, 11, 14, 28; im
portance of control of, 11, 12;
shipment of lead to, 34; method
of shortening route to, 147

New York City, arrival of troops
from, 82, 83

Non-residents, taxation of, urged
by Dodge, 146

North Dakota, 130

Northwest, lakes of, 162

Nullification, attitude of Dodge to
ward, 198

Ohio River, fort near mouth of, 4;
migration of Dodge to Falls of,
8; reference to, 18, 165, 242

Ohio Valley, cost of transportation
in, 29

Oklahoma, 87

"Old Hickory," 65

Old Man's Creek, 51

Old Northwest Territory, capture
of forts in, 5; reference to, 17,
143, 144, 184, 241; last State
admitted from, 183 ; evolution of
Territories of, 200; administra
tions of Governors of, 202 ; Ter
ritories of, 203 ; Governors of,
242 ; commonwealths formed
from, 242

Omaha Indians, 114; council held
with, 115, 116; arrival of, at
Dragoon camp, 116 ; provisions
issued to, 116

Oneida Indians, 153

O'Neill, John F., 174

Ordinance of 1787, Iowa country
under jurisdiction of, 143, 144;
slavery provision of, 188 ; refer
ence to, 242

Oregon, Territory of, extension of
slavery prohibition over, 188

Organic Act (Territory of Iowa),
tenures provided in, 146

Organic Act (original Territory of
Wisconsin), provisions of, 131

Organic Act (Territory of Wiscon-

262

INDEX

sin), provisions of, 159; refer
ence to, 201

Osage Indians, relation of, with
Dragoons, 89 ; need for assist
ance of, 90 ; expedition joined
by, 95; reference to. 96, 107;
peace desired with, 105 ; council
held with, 111

Osage River, 126

Oto Indians, 114; encampment
near village of, 114, 115; arrival
of Dragoons at village of, 115;
council held with, 115

Otoe County (Nebraska), 233

Ottawa (Illinois), Indian depreda
tions near, 54 ; conference at,
55

Ottawa Indians, treaty with, 39

Pap-pi-qua, 23

Parish, John C., diary edited by,
220

Parkison. Daniel M., statement by,
221

Pauquette, Pierre, service of, as in
terpreter, 74; reference to, 75

Pawnee Fork, arrival of Dragoons
at, 126

Pawnee Indians, 95, 96. 98; child
restored to, 95 : hospitalities ex
tended by, 100, 101; council
held with, 101, 111, 118, 119;
Dodge accompanied by chiefs of.
108, 109; description of expedi
tion to, 111, 112; divisions of,
117, 118; chiefs of, 117, 118;
war between Sioux and, 118;
speeches by chiefs of, 119; as
sistance offered by, 119; arrival
of, at Cheyenne village, 125 ;
presents given by, 125

Pawnee Loups, chief of, 118

Pawnee Republics, chief of, 117,
118

Pawnee Tappeiges, chief of, 118

Pawnee village, expedition to, 94-
112; location of, 94; arrival of
Dragoons at, 100, 117; descrip
tion of, 100 ; end of council at,
108; return march from, 109;
march to, 116, 117; story of
marches to, 227

Pearce. James A., 243

Pecatonica, Battle of, 45, 49; ac
count of, 57-59; influence of, on
war, 59

Pecatonica River, 57; suggestion
for improvement of, 147

Peltries, importance of, in West,
28; improved outlet for, 147

Pelzer, Louis, document edited by.
230

Penitentiary, appropriation for,
urged by Dodge, 155, 176

Pennsylvania, removal of Hunter
family from, 4

Pensions, applications for, 189

Perkins, David, 83

Peru (Illinois), claim of, for Ter
ritorial capital, 138

Philleo, Addison, war news pub
lished by, 66 ; newspaper edited
by, 220 ; letter to, 222 ; report
by, 223

Piankeshaw Indians, chief of, 209

Pierce, Franklin, offer of governor
ship to Dodge by, 193

Pioneers, restless character of, 6

Platte River, 113, 116, 121, 122,
125; encampment on, 114, 117;
march of Dragoons along, 119

Poinsett, Joel R., visit of Sioux
delegation to, 140 ; communica
tion by, 237

Polk, James K., effect of election
of, 172 ; extracts from diary of,
172-174, 240, 242; policy of,
with regard to appointments,
173, 174

Portage (Wisconsin), 43, 152,
176; fort at, 68

Posey, Alexander 49, 64 ; pursuit
of Black Hawk by, 60; position
of, in order of battle, 63 ; letter
to, 214, 216

Poston, Henry, 23

Pottawattamie Indians, treaty with,
39; threatening attitude of, 72,
73 ; order for expulsion of, 73 ;
desirability of separation of Win-
nebagoes from, 74

Prairie du Chien, Indian Agent at,
32, 216; fear of Indian upris
ings at, 40 ; murders committed
near, 41; march of troops to,
42 ; discovery of Black Hawk
near, 63; reference to, 152, 224:
treaty made at, 215; death of
Red Bird at, 217

Preemption, views of Dodge con
cerning, 137, 148, 176

Pueblo (Colorado), 234

Quaife, Milo Milton, diary edited

by, 240

Quarles, Augustus, memory of, 183
Quebec, captivity of Dodge at, 6

Racine (Wisconsin), harbor at,

162, 179, 180
Railroads, incorporation of, 180;

land grants for, 189
Rangers (see Mounted Rangers)
Red Bird, murders committed by,

41; flight of, 42; surrender of,

44; death of, 217; accomplices

of, 217
Red River, Indian villages on, 94;

INDEX

263

reference to, 95; Toyash village
situated, on branch of, 99

Revolutionary War, Dodge in, 3

Reynolds, John, complaints of set
tlers to, 46; signing of treaty
by, 47, 71; proclamation issued
by, 50 ; letter from Dodge to, 52 ;
reference to, 53 ; communication
to Dodge from, 72 ; credentials
of Dodge presented by, 158

Rhode Island, 1

Richardson County (Nebraska),
233

Riley, Major, garrison commanded
by, 68

Roads, laws relative to, 178

Roads, Territorial, construction of,
138

Roberts. Sergeant, 84

Rock Island, establishment of camp
near 69 ; efforts of Indian agent
at, 139

Rock Island (Illinois), Sac village
near site of, 45 ; treaty made at,
71. 76

Rock River, 22, 40, 45, 50, 56, 60,
61 ; Sac village at mouth of, 45 ;
expedition to, 52 ; establishment
of camp near, 69 ; burial of
Rangers on banks of, 70; re
moval of Winnebagoes across,
77; improvement of, urged by
Dodge, 137, 147, 176, 177

Rocky Mountains, 89 ; march of
Dragoons to, 113-127; first view
of. by Dragoons, 122; descrip
tion of, 122 ; route of expedition
to, 234

Rough Riders, necessity for, 67, 68

Round Grove, 126

Roundtree, John H., 31, 53, 175

Sac Indians, outrages committed
by, 41; village of, 45; treaty
with, 47, 218; number of, in
Black Hawk War, 49; British
band of, 49, 50 ; invasion of Il
linois by, 50; bad counsel of, 54

Sacs and Foxes, attack of, on Fort
Madison, 22 ; treaty negotiated
with, 46, 133; Indian Agent of,
54; land cession made by, 133

St. Clair, Arthur, 144

St. Croix River, cession of pine for
ests of, 140

St. Lawrence River, proposed con
nection of, with Mississippi, 190

St. Louis, settlement of McDonalds
near, 8 ; growth of, 8 ; transfer
of Louisiana at, 12 ; reference
to, 23, 34, 41, 78. 81; constitu
tional convention at, 27; Super
intendent of Indian Affairs at,
32; troops and supplies sent

from, 50 ; story of marches from,
227

St. Mary's Landing (Missouri), re
moval of Dodge from, 213, 214

St. Vrain, Felix, murder of, 54 ;
burial of, 55 ; demand for sur
render of murderers of, 75

St. Vrain, Mr., fort of Bent and,
123 ; trade carried on by, 123

Ste. Genevieve (Missouri), settle
ment of Dodge near, 8; market
for lead, 8; life of Dodge near,
8 ; burial of Dodge near, 13 ;
reference to, 19, 20, 23; rank of
Dodge in troops of, 21

Ste. Genevieve Academy, Dodge a
trustee of, 20

Ste. Genevieve County (Missouri),
rifle company in, 22 ; delegates
from, 27

Ste. Genevieve District, appoint
ment of Dodge as Sheriff in, 12;
service of Dodge in, 15, 17; res
idence of Dodge in, 16, 17; sys
tem of local government estab
lished in, 17; importance of
Sheriff of, 17; tax levy for, 17

Saline County (Missouri), 24

Saline River, salt-making on, 14,
28, 29

Salt, importance of, in West. 28

Salter, William, statement by, 31;
reference to, 207

Sandusky (Ohio), Dodge at, 6

Santa Fe, 73 ; protection of traders
enroute to, 91

Santa Fe trail, 113, 126

Schools, attitude of Dodge toward,
147, 176

Scott, John, part of, in duel; 20 ;
reference to. 27

Scott, Winfield, denunciation of in
temperance by, 69, 70; treaty
made by, 71; order of, 225

Secretary of the Treasury, 164

Secretary of War, 80; explanation
of, concerning removal of Win
nebagoes, 151; memorial to,
urged by Dodge, 177

Senate (United States), quarrel
between Benton and Foote in,
187; attitude of Dodge toward
disorder in, 187, 188 ; committee
to investigate disorder in, 188 ;
retirement of Dodge from, 193

Seneca Indians, expedition joined
by, 95; council held with. Ill

Settlers, relations of Black Hawk
with, 46 ; squatting of, on Indian
lands, 135, 136

Seward, William H., Kansas-Ne
braska Bill opposed by, 190, 191
Shawnee Indians leaders of, 23 :
reference to, 24, 26

264:

INDEX

Sheboygan (Wisconsin), appropri
ation for road from, 169

Sioux Indians, 27, 151; mainte
nance of peace with, 91; war be
tween Pawnees and, 118; Arick-
aras driven out by, 120; as
sembling of, for grand council,
139, 140; delegation of, sent to
Washington, 140

Slavery, attitude of Dodge toward,
188, 197

Slaves, treatment of, by Dodge,
196, 197

Smith, T., Jack, connection of, with
Burr expedition, 19; indictment
of, 19

Smith, Jeremiah, building for Leg
islative Assembly provided by,
141

Snelling, Colonel, force under, 43

South Dakota, 130

Southport (Wisconsin), harbor at,
162, 179, 180; appropriation for
improvement of road from, 170

Spafford's Ford, murders commit
ted near, 56, 57

Spain, request of loans to, 9; land
granted to Dodge by, 10; retro
cession of Louisiana by, 12

Spanish, coming of, to Missouri,
28

Spear, John, murder of, 18

Springfield (Illinois), 220

Statehood, question of, emphasized
by Dodge, 154, 155, 156; vote
in favor of, for Wisconsin Ter
ritory, 178 ; advantages of,
shown by Dodge, 179, 182

Steen, Enoch, command under, 114

Stephenson, James, 222

Stillmau, Isaac, force under, 50 :
plan of, to coerce Indians, 50,
51; site of defeat of, 52

Stillman's Defeat, 49; disastrous
character of, 51

Stockbridge Indians, 153

Stoddard, Amos, part of, in trans
fer of Louisiana, 12

Street, Joseph M., statement by,
32; reference to, 33; attempt of,
to oust Dodge, 34; efforts of, to
promote reforms among Indians,
139; letter by, 214, 216; Indian
Agent at Prairie du Chien, 216;
captives delivered to, 224

Strong, Moses M., statement by, 44,
168; letter to Dodge from, 167;
removal of Doty urged by, 167;
speech by, 174

Sumner, Charles, Kansas-Nebraska
Bill opposed by. 190, 191

Sumner, Edwin V., arrival of, at
Jefferson Barracks, 82, 83 ; ref

erence to, 84; sent to Arkansas
Territory, 88

Superintendent of Indian Affairs,
qualifications of Dodge for, 131;
activities of Dodge as, 132-136,
139, 140; duties of Dodge as,
151-153, 200

Tallmadge, Nathaniel P., attitude
of, toward removal of Doty, 166 ;
conference of, with Polk, 173;
attitude of Polk toward removal
of, 173 ; attitude of Dodge to
ward, 174; removal of, 240

Tariff Bill of 1833, attitude of
Dodge toward, 198

Taunton (Massachusetts), 1

Ta-we-que-nah, professions of
friendship made by, 106

Taylor, Zachary, position of, in or
der of battle, 63 ; reference to,
65 ; garrison commanded by, 68

Tecumseh, 45

Tennessee, migrations from 29

Tennesseans, favorite instruments
of, 89

Territories, Committee on, report
of, 166; bill reported by, 191

Teton Sioux Indians, 27

Texas Boundary Bill, opposition of
Dodge to, 188

Thompson, John W., 23

Thompson, Charles, letter to, 208

Toyash Indians, 98, 108; council
held with, 101, 107, 108

Toyash village, location of, 99; ar
rival of Dragoons at, 100

Treasury Department, relations of
Doty with, 164 ; reference to,
166

Tweedy, John H., vote for, 242

Tyler, John, result of appointment
of Doty by, 158; influence of
Webster over, 165, 166; attitude
of, toward removal of Doty, 166;
request for removal of Doty sent
to, 167; failure of, to remove
Doty, 168; attitude of Whigs to
ward, 169; removal of Dodge by,
240

Ude, Monsieur, 140

United States, cession of Louisiana
to, 12 ; struggle of, for possession
of Vincennes, 13; plan for an
nexation of Mexico to, 18, 19 ;
reference to, 26, 28, 37, 112;
commissioners for, 27; cession of
Indian lands to, 34, 45, 71, 132-
136, 140; relations of, with In
dians, 39; hostility of Black
Hawk toward, 45 ; cost of
Black Hawk War to, 65; Paw
nees impressed with power of,

INDEX

265

118; presents to Indians from,
120, 121; cost of Keokuk Re
serve to, 134

Utah and New Mexico Bill, opposi
tion of Dodge to, 188

Utica (New York), Barnburners
Convention held at, 185

Valiniere, Peter Heut de la, letter
by, 208

Van Bibber, Isaac, 23

Van Buren, Martin, letter from
Dodge to, 143 ; act creating Ter
ritory of Iowa signed by, 143 ;
nomination of, for President,
185 ; indorsement of, 186

Vandalia (Illinois), troops ordered
from, 72, 73

Vincennes (Indiana), capture of,
5; birth of Dodge at, 13; early
history of, 13

Virginia, Dodge in, 7

Wabash River, 70

Wade, Benjamin F., Kansas-Ne
braska Bill opposed by, 190, 191

Wakefield, John Allen, activities of,
in Black Hawk War, 218

Walker, Isaac P.. election of, as
Senator, 185; instructions disre
garded by, 189; rebuke to, 189;
vote for, 242

Wapello, attitude of, in council,
135

Wa-pe-pil-le-se, 23

War Department, correspondence
between Dodge and, 150

War of 1812, part of Dodge in.
26; service of Black Hawk in,
45 ; reference to, 84

Washington, D. C., Indians invited
to, 101; failure of chiefs to go
to, 111; orders from, relative to
Indian annuities, 139 ; petitions
and memorials sent to, 142, 152 ;
reference to, 143, 159, 198;
changes in political complexion
at, 172 ; return of Dodge from,
174; representation of Wisconsin
at, 179; services of Dodge at,
197

Washington, George, interest of. in
Dodge, 7

Washington County (Arkansas
Territory), Sumner sent to, 88

Washington Territory, governorship
of, offered to Dodge, 193

Washita River, 96, 110

Ways and Means, Committee on,
report of, 171

Webster, Daniel, influence of, over
Tyler, 165, 166; attitude of, to
ward removal of Doty, 166; ref
erence to, 186

Weco Indians, presence of, at
council, 101

West, Dodge family in, 2; military
career of Dodge in, 80; faith of
Dodge in, 196; contributions of
Dodge toward development of,
199; influence of Old Northwest
upon, 203

West Point, graduates from, in
Dragoon regiment, 83

We-ter-ra-shah-ro, meeting of, with
Dodge, 104; willingness of, to
accompany Dodge, 105 ; Dodge
accompanied by, 108, 109

Wharton, Clifton, service of com
pany of, as escort, 91

Wheelock, T. B., extract from jour
nal of, 99 ; account of march by,
109, 110, 231, 232; journal kept
by, 229

Whigs, nominee of, for Delegate to
Congress, 154; charges made by,
against Democrats, 157; election
of President by, 157; divisions
among, 169; objections of, to
State Constitution, 181

Whirling Thunder, conference of,
with Dodge, 75 ; removal of, 77

Whistler, William, command of, 43,
68; surrender of Indians to. 44

White Crow, conference of, with
Dodge, 74

Whiteside, Samuel, force under, 50

Whiton. Edward V., 175; candi
dacy of, for Senator, 185 ; vote
for, 242

Wing, Austin E., Territorial Dele
gate from Michigan, 35; letter
to, 215

Winnebago Indians, attack of, on
Fort Madison, 22; discontent
among, 33; sale of lands by, 34;
treaty with, 39, 40, 44, 45, 150;
mining in territory of, 40; treat
ment of miners by, 40, 215; out
rages committed by, 41; flight of.
42 ; desperate condition of, 43 ;
surrender of, 44 ; pursuit of, 48 ;
number of, in Black Hawk War,
49; sub-agent of, 53, 54, 75;
counsel of Dodge to, 54; release
of prisoners by, 54; cession of
land by, 71; threatened attacks
by, 73 ; necessity for removal of,
74 ; desirability of separation of
Pottawattamies from, 74; meet
ing of Dodge with chiefs of, 74:
demand for release of prisoners
by, 75 ; annuity money for, 75 ;
conference on removal of. 75 ;
warning of Dodge to, 76, 77; re
moval of, 77; reference to, 78:
correspondence concerning, 150 :
explanation concerning removal

266

INDEX

of, 151 ; attitude of, toward re
moval, 152 ; need for Dragoons
to secure peace with, 177; ac
tivities of, in Battle of Wiscon
sin Heights, 224

Winnebago War, termination of,
44; reference to, 186

Winneshiek, son of, saved by
Dodge, 43

Winston, Richard, charges made
by, 7

Wisconsin, Black Hawk War in,
49, 60; last Indian war in, 65;
migrations to, 65 ; reference to,
130, 188; admission of, 182,
183 ; career of Dodge as Senator
from, 185-192; reward of Dodge
by people of, 185 ; first Senators
from, 185 ; instructions from
legislature of, 189 ; increase in
population of, 189 ; Dodge's last
years spent in, 193 ; settlement
of Dodge on frontier of, 197,
198 ; memorial to Dodge from
legislature of, 204 ; vote for first
United States Senators from,
242

Wisconsin, original Territory of,
Governor of. 38; Dodge as* Gov
ernor of, 128-144; creation of,
128; contest for location of cap
ital of, 129, 138; extent of, 130;
population of, 130; provisions of
Organic Act of, 131; description
of first capital of, 136, 137

Wisconsin, State Historical Society
of, resolutions adopted by, 203 ;
letters and papers in library of,
220, 223, 239, 241, 244

Wisconsin, Territory of, Dodge's
governorship of, 145-157, 172-
184; population of, 145, 146,
156, 171; rise of political party
system in, 145 ; question of state
hood in, 146 ; natural resources
of, 146; interest of, in improve
ment of Mississippi River, 148,
176; appropriations for, by Con
gress, 150, 163 ; description of
Indian tribes in, 152 ; political
campaign in, 153, 154, 157; pro
vision for census of, 156; rec
ommendation for redistricting of,

156; appointment of Doty as
Governor of, 157; Dodge as Del
egate from, 158-171; provisions
of Organic Act of, 159; petitions
from, 160, 162, 168; duty of
Congress toward settlers of, 161;
bill for construction of harbors
in, 162; harbors necessary to
growth and development of, 163;
view of Legislative Assembly con
cerning appropriation to, 164,
165; request for removal of Gov
ernor of, 167; results of efforts
of Dodge on behalf of, 168; atti
tude of Congress toward, 169;
attempt of Dodge to secure ap
propriation for, 171; suggestion
for reduction of salaries in, 171 ;
effect of election of Polk on gov
ernorship of, 172; payment of
debt of, urged by Dodge, 175;
penitentiary for, urged by Dodge,
175 ; preemption rights for, ad
vocated by Dodge, 176; new
counties created in, 177; judicial
districts established in, 177; con
stitutional convention in, 178,
179; character of pioneer legis
lators of, 202 ; appointive power
of Governor of, 202; vote at elec
tion for Delegate from, 237; ap
pointment of Dodge as Governor
of, 240 ; jurisdiction of, over de
tached region, 241

Wisconsin Heights, Battle of, 45,
49, 239; account of, 62, 223,
224

Wisconsin River, 34, 42, 43, 45,
63, 70, 71, 76, 77. 132, 148,
223, 224; terror caused by In
dians along, 51; Indians over
taken on, 61, 62; water route
between Fox River and, urged
by Dodge, 176; interest of Dodge
in improvement of, 190

Wolf River, 132, 148

Woodbridge, W. W., 223

Woodward, Theron Royal, descend
ant of Dodge family, 207

Yankton Sioux Indians, 27
Yellow Banks, crossing of Missis
sippi at, 50

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